Controlling transitions in optically switchable devices

ABSTRACT

Aspects of this disclosure concern controllers and control methods for applying a drive voltage to bus bars of optically switchable devices such as electrochromic devices. Such devices are often provided on windows such as architectural glass. In certain embodiments, the applied drive voltage is controlled in a manner that efficiently drives an optical transition over the entire surface of the electrochromic device. The drive voltage is controlled to account for differences in effective voltage experienced in regions between the bus bars and regions proximate the bus bars. Regions near the bus bars experience the highest effective voltage. In some cases, feedback may be used to monitor an optical transition. In these or other cases, a group of optically switchable devices may transition together over a particular duration to achieve approximately uniform tint states over time during the transition.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

An Application Data Sheet is filed concurrently with this specification as part of the present application. Each application that the present application claims benefit of or priority to as identified in the concurrently filed Application Data Sheet is incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Electrochromic (EC) devices are typically multilayer stacks including (a) at least one layer of electrochromic material, that changes its optical properties in response to the application of an electrical potential, (b) an ion conductor (IC) layer that allows ions, such as lithium ions, to move through it, into and out from the electrochromic material to cause the optical property change, while preventing electrical shorting, and (c) transparent conductor layers, such as transparent conducting oxides or TCOs, over which an electrical potential is applied to the electrochromic layer. In some cases, the electric potential is applied from opposing edges of an electrochromic device and across the viewable area of the device. The transparent conductor layers are designed to have relatively high electronic conductances. Electrochromic devices may have more than the above-described layers such as ion storage or counter electrode layers that optionally change optical states.

Due to the physics of the device operation, proper function of the electrochromic device depends upon many factors such as ion movement through the material layers, the electrical potential required to move the ions, the sheet resistance of the transparent conductor layers, and other factors. The size of the electrochromic device plays an important role in the transition of the device from a starting optical state to an ending optical state (e.g., from tinted to clear or clear to tinted). The conditions applied to drive such transitions can have quite different requirements for different sized devices.

What are needed are improved methods for driving optical transitions in electrochromic devices.

SUMMARY

Aspects of this disclosure concern controllers and control methods for applying a drive voltage to bus bars of optically switchable devices such as electrochromic devices. Such devices are often provided on windows such as architectural glass. In certain embodiments, the applied drive voltage is controlled in a manner that efficiently drives an optical transition over the entire surface of the optically switchable device. The drive voltage is controlled to account for differences in effective voltage experienced in regions between the bus bars and regions proximate the bus bars. Regions near the bus bars experience the highest effective voltage.

In some embodiments, a first optical transition may be interrupted by a command to undergo a second optical transition, for example having a different ending optical state than the first optical transition. In certain embodiments, a group of optically switchable devices may undergo a simultaneous optical transition. Some optically switchable devices in the group may transition faster than other optically switchable devices. In some such embodiments, the transition on the faster optically switchable device may be broken into smaller transitions that are separated in time. This may allow the slowest and faster optically switchable devices in the group to transition over approximately the same switching time, with the various optically switchable devices displaying approximately matching optical states over the course of the overall transition.

In one aspect of the disclosed embodiments, a method of controlling a first optical transition and a second optical transition of an optically switchable device is provided, the method including: (a) receiving a command to undergo the first optical transition from a starting optical state to a first ending optical state; (b) applying a first drive parameter to bus bars of the optically switchable device and driving the first optical transition for a first duration; (c) before the optically switchable device reaches the first ending optical state: (i) receiving a second command to undergo the second optical transition to a second ending optical state, and (ii) applying a second drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device and driving the second optical transition for a second duration, where the second drive parameter is different from the first drive parameter, where the second drive parameter is determined based, at least in part, on the second ending optical state and an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition toward the first ending optical state, and where the second optical transition is controlled without considering an open circuit voltage of the optically switchable device.

In some embodiments, the method may further include monitoring an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition to the second ending optical state, and ceasing to apply the second drive parameter to bus bars of the optically switchable device based, at least in part, on the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition to the second ending optical state. In some cases, (c)(ii) may include: after (i), determining the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition toward the first ending optical state, determining a target charge count that is appropriate for causing the optically switchable device to switch from the starting optical state to the second ending optical state, monitoring an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition to the second ending optical state, and applying the second drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device until a net amount of charge delivered to the device during the first and second optical transitions reaches the target charge count. In these or other embodiments, (c)(ii) may include: determining or estimating an instantaneous optical state of the optically switchable device when the second command was received in (c)(i) based, at least in part, on the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition toward the first ending optical state, determining a target charge count that is appropriate for causing the optically switchable device to switch from its instantaneous optical state to the second ending optical state, monitoring an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition to the second ending optical state, and applying the second drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device until the charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition reaches the target charge count.

Driving the first optical transition in (b) may include: applying the first drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device, determining a target open circuit voltage appropriate for switching the optically switchable device from the starting optical state to the first ending optical state, and determining a target charge count appropriate for switching the optically switchable device from the starting optical state to the first ending optical state, periodically determining an open circuit voltage between the bus bars of the optically switchable device, and periodically determining the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first transition toward the first ending optical state, and periodically comparing the determined open circuit voltage to a target open circuit voltage and periodically comparing the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first transition toward the first ending optical state to a first target charge count. In various embodiments, the method may further include: (d) before the optically switchable device reaches the second ending optical state: (i) receiving a third command to undergo a third optical transition to a third ending optical state, and (ii) applying a third drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device and driving the third optical transition for a third duration, where the third drive parameter is different from the second drive parameter, where the third drive parameter is determined based, at least in part, on the third ending optical state and an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition toward the first ending optical state and during the second optical transition toward the second ending optical state, and where the third optical transition is controlled without considering an open circuit voltage of the optically switchable device.

In another aspect of the disclosed embodiments, an apparatus for controlling a first optical transition and a second optical transition of an optically switchable device is provided, the apparatus including: a processor designed or configured to: (a) receive a command to undergo the first optical transition from a starting optical state to a first ending optical state; (b) apply a first drive parameter to bus bars of the optically switchable device and drive the first optical transition for a first duration; (c) before the optically switchable device reaches the first ending optical state: (i) receive a second command to undergo the second optical transition to a second ending optical state, (ii) apply a second drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device and drive the second optical transition for a second duration, where the second drive parameter is different from the first drive parameter, where the second drive parameter is determined based, at least in part, on the second ending optical state and an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition toward the first ending optical state, and where the processor is designed or configured to control the second optical transition without considering an open circuit voltage of the optically switchable device.

In some such embodiments, the processor may be designed or configured to monitor an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition to the second ending optical state, and cease to apply the second drive parameter to bus bars of the optically switchable device based, at least in part, on the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition to the second ending optical state. In some cases, the processor may be designed or configured, in (c)(ii) to: after (i), determine the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition toward the first ending optical state, determine a target charge count that is appropriate for causing the optically switchable device to switch from the starting optical state to the second ending optical state, monitor an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition to the second ending optical state, and apply the second drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device until a net amount of charge delivered to the device during the first and second optical transitions reaches the target charge count.

In certain implementations, the processor may be designed or configured, in (c)(ii), to determine or estimate an instantaneous optical state of the optically switchable device when the second command was received in (c)(i) based, at least in part, on the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition toward the first ending optical state, determine a target charge count that is appropriate for causing the optically switchable device to switch from its instantaneous optical state to the second ending optical state, monitor an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition to the second ending optical state, and apply the second drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device until the charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition reaches the target charge count.

To drive the first optical transition in (b), the processor may be designed or configured to: apply the first drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device, determine a target open circuit voltage appropriate for switching the optically switchable device from the starting optical state to the first ending optical state, and determine a target charge count appropriate for switching the optically switchable device from the starting optical state to the first ending optical state, periodically determine an open circuit voltage between the bus bars of the optically switchable device, and periodically or continuously determine the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first transition toward the first ending optical state, and periodically compare the determined open circuit voltage to a target open circuit voltage and periodically compare the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first transition toward the first ending optical state to a first target charge count. In some embodiments, the processor may be designed or configured to receive additional commands to undergo additional optical transitions before the optically switchable device reaches the second ending optical state, and apply additional drive parameters to bus bars of the optically switchable device, where the additional drive parameters are determined based, at least in part, on target ending optical states for the additional optical transitions and an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device between the time that the optically switchable device transitions from its starting optical state and the time that the additional optical transitions begin, where the processor is designed or configured to control the additional optical transitions without considering the open circuit voltage of the optically switchable device.

In another aspect of the disclosed embodiments, an apparatus for controlling optical transitions in an optically switchable device is provided, the apparatus including: a processor designed or configured to: (a) measure an open circuit voltage of the optically switchable device, and determine a tint state of the optically switchable device based on the open circuit voltage; (b) control a first optical transition from a first starting optical state to a first ending optical state in response to a first command by: (i) applying a first drive parameter to bus bars of the optically switchable device for a first duration to transition from the first starting optical state to the first ending optical state, (ii) before the first optical transition is complete, periodically determining an open circuit voltage between the bus bars of the optically switchable device, and periodically determining an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition, (iii) comparing the open circuit voltage to a target open circuit voltage for the first optical transition, and comparing the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition to a target charge count for the first optical transition, and (iv) ceasing to apply the first drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device when (1) the open circuit voltage reaches the target open circuit voltage for the first optical transition, and (2) the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the first optical transition reaches the target charge count for the first optical transition, the first optical transition occurring without receiving an interrupt command; and (c) control a second optical transition and a third optical transition, the third optical transition beginning before the second optical transition is complete, by: (i) receiving a second command to undergo the second optical transition from a second starting optical state to a second ending optical state; (ii) applying a second drive parameter to bus bars of the optically switchable device and driving the second optical transition for a second duration; (iii) before the optically switchable device reaches the second ending optical state: (1) receiving a third command to undergo the third optical transition to a third ending optical state, (2) applying a third drive parameter to the bus bars of the optically switchable device and driving the third optical transition for a third duration, where the third drive parameter is different from the second drive parameter, where the third drive parameter is determined based, at least in part, on the third ending optical state and an amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device during the second optical transition toward the second ending optical state, and where the third optical transition is controlled without considering an open circuit voltage of the optically switchable device.

In another aspect of the disclosed embodiments, a method for controlling an optical transition in an optically switchable device from a starting optical state to an ending optical state is provided, the method including: (a) applying a drive voltage to bus bars of the optically switchable device for a duration to cause the optically switchable device to transition toward the ending optical state; (b) measuring an open circuit voltage between the bus bars of the optically switchable device; (c) comparing the open circuit voltage to a target open circuit voltage for the optical transition; (d) comparing the open circuit voltage to a safe voltage limit for the optically switchable device, and either (i) increasing the drive voltage in cases where the open circuit voltage is less than the safe voltage limit for the optically switchable device, or (ii) decreasing the drive voltage in cases where the open circuit voltage is greater than the safe voltage limit for the optically switchable device; (e) repeating at least operations (a)-(c) at least once; and (f) determining that the open circuit voltage has reached the target open circuit voltage, ceasing application of the drive voltage to the bus bars of the optically switchable device, and applying a hold voltage to the bus bars of the optically switchable device to thereby maintain the ending optical state.

In some embodiments, (b) may further include measuring an amount of charge delivered to the device over the course of the optical transition, (c) may include comparing the amount of charge delivered to the device over the course of the optical transition to a target charge count for the optical transition, and (f) may include determining that the amount of charge delivered to the optically switchable device has reached the target charge count before applying the hold voltage to the bus bars of the optically switchable device.

In another aspect of the disclosed embodiments, a method of transitioning a group of optically switchable devices is provided, the method including: (a) receiving a command to transition the group of optically switchable devices to an ending optical state, where the group includes a slowest optically switchable device and a faster optically switchable device, where the slowest optically switchable device and the faster optically switchable device are different sizes and/or have different switching properties; (b) determining a switching time for the group of optically switchable devices, the switching time being a time required for the slowest optically switchable device to reach the ending optical state; (c) transitioning the slowest optically switchable device to the ending optical state; and (d) during (c), transitioning the faster optically switchable device to the ending optical state with one or more pauses during transition, the one or more pauses chosen in time and duration so as to approximately match an optical state of the faster optically switchable device with an optical state of the slowest optically switchable device during (c).

In some embodiments, the one or more pauses may include at least two pauses. The time and duration of the one or more pauses may be determined automatically using an algorithm. In some cases, the durations of the one or more pauses may be determined based on a lookup table. The lookup table may include information regarding a size of each optically switchable device in the group and/or a switching time for each optically switchable device in the group.

In various implementations, a transition on the slowest optically switchable device may be monitored using feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device. The feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device may include one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: an open circuit voltage, a current measured in response to an applied voltage, and a charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device. In one example, the feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device includes the open circuit voltage and the charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device. In these or other embodiments, the transition on the faster optically switchable device may be monitored using feedback obtained during the transition on the faster optically switchable device. The feedback obtained during the transition on the faster optically switchable device may include one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: an open circuit voltage, a current measured in response to an applied voltage, and a charge or charge density delivered to the faster optically switchable device. In one example, the feedback obtained during the transition on the faster optically switchable device includes the charge or charge density delivered to the faster optically switchable device, and does not include the open circuit voltage, nor the current measured in response to the applied voltage.

The group of optically switchable devices may include any number of optically switchable devices, which may each be of any size. In some embodiments, the group of optically switchable devices may include two or more faster optically switchable devices, and transitioning in (d) may be staggered for the two or more faster optically switchable devices such that at least one of the faster optically switchable devices pauses while at least one other of the faster optically switchable devices transitions. In these or other embodiments, the group of optically switchable devices may include optically switchable devices of at least three different sizes.

The method may further include (e) applying a hold voltage to each device of the group of optically switchable devices as each device reaches the ending optical state. In some cases, the method may include: in response to receiving a command to transition the group of optically switchable devices to a second ending optical state before the group of optically switchable devices reaches the ending optical state, transitioning the slowest optically switchable device and the faster optically switchable device to the second ending optical state without any pauses.

In some embodiments, during pausing in (d), open circuit conditions may be applied to the faster optically switchable device. In other embodiments, the method may further include measuring an open circuit voltage on the faster optically switchable device, and during pausing in (d), the measured open circuit voltage may be applied to the faster optically switchable device. In another embodiment, during pausing in (d), a pre-determined voltage may be applied to the faster optically switchable device.

The slowest optically switchable device may transition to the ending optical state without pausing in some implementations.

In another aspect of the disclosed embodiments, a method of transitioning a group of optically switchable devices is provided, the method including: (a) receiving a command to transition the group of optically switchable devices to an ending optical state, where the group includes a slowest optically switchable device and a faster optically switchable device, where the slowest optically switchable device and the faster optically switchable device are different sizes and/or have different switching properties; (b) determining a switching time for the group of optically switchable devices, the switching time being a time required for the slowest optically switchable device to reach the ending optical state; (c) transitioning the slowest optically switchable device to the ending optical state; (d) during (c), transitioning the faster optically switchable device to an intermediate optical state; (e) during (c) and after (d), maintaining the intermediate optical state on the faster optically switchable device for a duration; (f) during (c) and after (e), transitioning the faster optically switchable device to the ending optical state, where the duration in (e) is chosen so as to approximately match an optical state of the faster optically switchable device with an optical state of the slowest optically switchable device during (c).

In certain embodiments, the method may include during (c) and before (f), transitioning the faster optically switchable device to a second intermediate optical state, and then maintaining the second intermediate optical state for a second duration. In some cases, the duration during (e) may be determined automatically using an algorithm. In some other cases, the duration during (e) may be determined automatically based on a lookup table.

The various transitions may be monitored using feedback. For example, in some embodiments, a transition on the slowest optically switchable device may be monitored using feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device. The feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device may include one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: an open circuit voltage, a current measured in response to an applied voltage, and a charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device. In a particular example, the feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device includes the open circuit voltage and the charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device. In these or other embodiments, during (f) a transition on the faster optically switchable device to the ending optical state may be monitored using feedback obtained on the faster optically switchable device during (f). For example, the feedback obtained on the faster optically switchable device during (f) may include one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: an open circuit voltage, a current measured in response to an applied voltage, and a charge or charge density delivered to the faster optically switchable device. In a particular example, the feedback obtained on the faster optically switchable device during (f) may include the open circuit voltage and the charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device.

The group of optically switchable devices may include any number of optically switchable devices, which may each be of any size. In some embodiments, the group of optically switchable devices may include two or more faster optically switchable devices, and transitioning in (d) and (f) and maintaining in (e) may be staggered for the two or more faster optically switchable devices such that at least one of the faster optically switchable devices maintains its intermediate optical state in (e) while at least one other of the faster optically switchable devices transitions in (d) and/or (e). In some embodiments, the group of optically switchable devices may include optically switchable devices of at least three different sizes.

In some embodiments, during maintaining the intermediate optical state in (e), open circuit conditions may be applied to the faster optically switchable device. In some other embodiments, the method may include measuring an open circuit voltage on the faster optically switchable device, and during maintaining the intermediate optical state in (e), the measured open circuit voltage may be applied to the faster optically switchable device. In some other embodiments, during maintaining the intermediate optical state in (e), a pre-determined voltage may be applied to the faster optically switchable device.

The slowest optically switchable device may transition to the ending optical state without stopping at any intermediate optical states. In some cases, the method may include (g) applying a hold voltage to each device of the group of optically switchable devices as each device reaches the ending optical state.

In another aspect of the disclosed embodiments, a control system for controlling transitions on a group of optically switchable devices is provided, the control system comprising: one or more processors comprising instructions for: (a) receiving a command to transition the group of optically switchable devices to an ending optical state, wherein the group comprises a slowest optically switchable device and a faster optically switchable device, wherein the slowest optically switchable device and the faster optically switchable device are different sizes and/or have different switching properties; (b) determining a switching time for the group of optically switchable devices, the switching time being a time required for the slowest optically switchable device to reach the ending optical state; (c) transitioning the slowest optically switchable device to the ending optical state; and (d) during (c), transitioning the faster optically switchable device to the ending optical state with one or more pauses during transition, the one or more pauses chosen in time and duration so as to approximately match an optical state of the faster optically switchable device with an optical state of the slowest optically switchable device during (c).

In some embodiments, the one or more pauses may include at least two pauses. The time and duration of the one or more pauses may be determined automatically using an algorithm. In some other cases, the durations of the one or more pauses may be determined based on a lookup table. The lookup table may include information regarding a size of each optically switchable device in the group and/or a switching time for each optically switchable device in the group.

In certain implementations, the one or more processors may include instructions for monitoring a transition on the slowest optically switchable device using feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device. The feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device may include one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: an open circuit voltage, a current measured in response to an applied voltage, and a charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device. In one example, the feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device may include the open circuit voltage and the charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device. In these or other embodiments, the one or more processors may include instructions for monitoring the transition on the faster optically switchable device using feedback obtained during the transition on the faster optically switchable device. For instance, the feedback obtained during the transition on the faster optically switchable device may include one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: an open circuit voltage, a current measured in response to an applied voltage, and a charge or charge density delivered to the faster optically switchable device. In one example, the feedback obtained during the transition on the faster optically switchable device may include the charge or charge density delivered to the faster optically switchable device, and does not include the open circuit voltage, nor the current measured in response to the applied voltage.

The group of optically switchable devices may include any number of optically switchable devices. In some embodiments, the group of optically switchable devices may include two or more faster optically switchable devices, and transitioning in (d) may be staggered for the two or more faster optically switchable devices such that at least one of the faster optically switchable devices pauses while at least one other of the faster optically switchable devices transitions. In some embodiments, the group of optically switchable devices may include optically switchable devices of at least three different sizes. In various cases, the instructions may further include: (e) applying a hold voltage to each device of the group of optically switchable devices as each device reaches the ending optical state. In these or other cases, the instructions may further include: in response to receiving a command to transition the group of optically switchable devices to a second ending optical state before the group of optically switchable devices reaches the ending optical state, transitioning the slowest optically switchable device and the faster optically switchable device to the second ending optical state without any pauses.

In some implementations, during pausing in (d), open circuit conditions are applied to the faster optically switchable device. In some other implementations, the instructions may further include measuring an open circuit voltage on the faster optically switchable device, and during pausing in (d), the measured open circuit voltage may be applied to the faster optically switchable device. In some other implementations, during pausing in (d), a pre-determined voltage may be applied to the faster optically switchable device. In various embodiments, the slowest optically switchable device may transition to the ending optical state without pausing.

In another aspect of the disclosed embodiments, a control system for controlling transitions on a group of optically switchable devices is provided, the control system including: one or more processors including instructions for: (a) receiving a command to transition the group of optically switchable devices to an ending optical state, where the group includes a slowest optically switchable device and a faster optically switchable device, where the slowest optically switchable device and the faster optically switchable device are different sizes and/or have different switching properties; (b) determining a switching time for the group of optically switchable devices, the switching time being a time required for the slowest optically switchable device to reach the ending optical state; (c) transitioning the slowest optically switchable device to the ending optical state; (d) during (c), transitioning the faster optically switchable device to an intermediate optical state; (e) during (c) and after (d), maintaining the intermediate optical state on the faster optically switchable device for a duration; and (f) during (c) and after (e), transitioning the faster optically switchable device to the ending optical state, where the duration in (e) is chosen so as to approximately match an optical state of the faster optically switchable device with an optical state of the slowest optically switchable device during (c).

In some embodiments, the instructions may further include: during (c) and before (f), transitioning the faster optically switchable device to a second intermediate optical state, and then maintaining the second intermediate optical state for a second duration. The duration during (e) may be determined automatically using an algorithm. In some other cases, the duration during (e) may be determined automatically based on a lookup table.

In various implementations, the one or more processors may be configured to monitor a transition on the slowest optically switchable device using feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device. For example, the feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device may include one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: an open circuit voltage, a current measured in response to an applied voltage, and a charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device. In one example, the feedback obtained during the transition on the slowest optically switchable device may include the open circuit voltage and the charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device. In these or other embodiments, the one or more processors may be configured to monitor a transition on the faster optically switchable device to the ending optical state during (f) using feedback obtained on the faster optically switchable device during (f). For example, the feedback obtained on the faster optically switchable device during (f) may include one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: an open circuit voltage, a current measured in response to an applied voltage, and a charge or charge density delivered to the faster optically switchable device. In a particular example, the feedback obtained on the faster optically switchable device during (f) may include the open circuit voltage and the charge or charge density delivered to the slowest optically switchable device.

The group of optically switchable devices may include any number of optically switchable devices. In certain embodiments, the group of optically switchable devices may include two or more faster optically switchable devices, and transitioning in (d) and (f) and maintaining in (e) may be staggered for the two or more faster optically switchable devices such that at least one of the faster optically switchable devices maintains its intermediate optical state in (e) while at least one other of the faster optically switchable devices transitions in (d) and/or (e). In various embodiments, the group of optically switchable devices may include optically switchable devices of at least three different sizes.

In some embodiments, during maintaining the intermediate optical state in (e), open circuit conditions may be applied to the faster optically switchable device. In some other embodiments, the instructions may further include measuring an open circuit voltage on the faster optically switchable device, and during maintaining the intermediate optical state in (e), the measured open circuit voltage may be applied to the faster optically switchable device. In some other embodiments, during maintaining the intermediate optical state in (e), a pre-determined voltage may be applied to the faster optically switchable device.

In various cases, the slowest optically switchable device may transition to the ending optical state without stopping at any intermediate optical states. In a number of embodiments, the instructions may further include: (g) applying a hold voltage to each device of the group of optically switchable devices as each device reaches the ending optical state. These and other features will be described in further detail below with reference to the associated drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A schematically depicts a planar bus bar arrangement.

FIG. 1B presents a simplified plot of the local voltage value on each transparent conductive layer as a function of position on the layer

FIG. 1C presents a simplified plot of V_(eff) as a function of position across the device

FIG. 2 is a graph depicting voltage and current profiles associated with driving an electrochromic device from clear to tinted and from tinted to clear.

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting certain voltage and current profiles associated with driving an electrochromic device from clear to tinted.

FIG. 4A is a graph depicting an optical transition in which a drop in applied voltage from V_(drive) to V_(hold) results in a net current flow establishing that the optical transition has proceeded far enough to permit the applied voltage to remain at V_(hold) for the duration of the ending optical state.

FIG. 4B is a graph depicting an optical transition in which an initial drop in applied voltage from V_(drive) to V_(hold) results in a net current flow indicating that the optical transition has not yet proceeded far enough to permit the applied voltage to remain at V_(hold) for the duration of the ending optical state. Therefore the applied voltage is returned to V_(drive) for a further period of time before again dropping again to V_(hold) at which point the resulting current establishes that the optical transition has proceeded far enough to permit the applied voltage to remain at V_(hold) for the duration of the ending optical state.

FIG. 5A is a flow chart depicting a process for probing the progress of an optical transition and determining when the transition is complete.

FIG. 5B is a flow chart depicting a process for probing the progress of an optical transition and speeding the transition if it is not progressing sufficiently fast.

FIGS. 5C-5F are flow charts depicting alternative processes for probing the progress of an optical transitioning and determining when the transition is complete.

FIGS. 5G and 5H are flow charts showing methods for controlling an optical transition using various kinds of feedback modes.

FIG. 5I depicts various graphs describing a number of parameters related to optical transitions over time.

FIG. 5J is a flow chart depicting another method for controlling an optical transition and determining when the transition is complete.

FIGS. 5K-5M present flowcharts for methods of controlling optical transitions on groups of optically switchable devices that have different switching rates.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show graphs depicting the total charge delivered over time and the voltage applied over time during an electrochromic transition when using the method of FIG. 5E to probe and monitor the progress of the transition, at room temperature (FIG. 6A) and at a reduced temperature (FIG. 6B).

FIG. 6C illustrates an electrochromic window having a pair of voltage sensors on the transparent conductive oxide layers according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 7A and 7B present cross-sectional views of an example electrochromic device in operation.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are representations of window controllers and associated components.

FIG. 10 illustrates a group of optically switchable devices including one large device and several smaller devices.

FIGS. 11A-C present experimental data related to the method described in FIG. 5K.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

An “optically switchable device” is a thin device that changes optical state in response to electrical input. It reversibly cycles between two or more optical states. Switching between these states is controlled by applying predefined current and/or voltage to the device. The device typically includes two thin conductive sheets that straddle at least one optically active layer. The electrical input driving the change in optical state is applied to the thin conductive sheets. In certain implementations, the input is provided by bus bars in electrical communication with the conductive sheets.

While the disclosure emphasizes electrochromic devices as examples of optically switchable devices, the disclosure is not so limited. Examples of other types of optically switchable device include certain electrophoretic devices, liquid crystal devices, and the like. Optically switchable devices may be provided on various optically switchable products, such as optically switchable windows. However, the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to switchable windows. Examples of other types of optically switchable products include mirrors, displays, and the like. In the context of this disclosure, these products are typically provided in a non-pixelated format.

An “optical transition” is a change in any one or more optical properties of an optically switchable device. The optical property that changes may be, for example, tint, reflectivity, refractive index, color, etc. In certain embodiments, the optical transition will have a defined starting optical state and a defined ending optical state. For example the starting optical state may be 80% transmissivity and the ending optical state may be 50% transmissivity. The optical transition is typically driven by applying an appropriate electric potential across the two thin conductive sheets of the optically switchable device.

A “starting optical state” is the optical state of an optically switchable device immediately prior to the beginning of an optical transition. The starting optical state is typically defined as the magnitude of an optical state which may be tint, reflectivity, refractive index, color, etc. The starting optical state may be a maximum or minimum optical state for the optically switchable device; e.g., 90% or 4% transmissivity. Alternatively, the starting optical state may be an intermediate optical state having a value somewhere between the maximum and minimum optical states for the optically switchable device; e.g., 50% transmissivity.

An “ending optical state” is the optical state of an optically switchable device immediately after the complete optical transition from a starting optical state. The complete transition occurs when optical state changes in a manner understood to be complete for a particular application. For example, a complete tinting might be deemed a transition from 75% optical transmissivity to 10% transmissivity. The ending optical state may be a maximum or minimum optical state for the optically switchable device; e.g., 90% or 4% transmissivity. Alternatively, the ending optical state may be an intermediate optical state having a value somewhere between the maximum and minimum optical states for the optically switchable device; e.g., 50% transmissivity.

“Bus bar” refers to an electrically conductive strip attached to a conductive layer such as a transparent conductive electrode spanning the area of an optically switchable device. The bus bar delivers electrical potential and current from an external lead to the conductive layer. An optically switchable device includes two or more bus bars, each connected to a single conductive layer of the device. In various embodiments, a bus bar forms a long thin line that spans most of the length of the length or width of a device. Often, a bus bar is located near the edge of the device.

“Applied Voltage” or V_(app) refers the difference in potential applied to two bus bars of opposite polarity on the electrochromic device. Each bus bar is electronically connected to a separate transparent conductive layer. The applied voltage may different magnitudes or functions such as driving an optical transition or holding an optical state. Between the transparent conductive layers are sandwiched the optically switchable device materials such as electrochromic materials. Each of the transparent conductive layers experiences a potential drop between the position where a bus bar is connected to it and a location remote from the bus bar. Generally, the greater the distance from the bus bar, the greater the potential drop in a transparent conducting layer. The local potential of the transparent conductive layers is often referred to herein as the V_(TCL). Bus bars of opposite polarity may be laterally separated from one another across the face of an optically switchable device.

“Effective Voltage” or V_(eff) refers to the potential between the positive and negative transparent conducting layers at any particular location on the optically switchable device. In Cartesian space, the effective voltage is defined for a particular x,y coordinate on the device. At the point where V_(eff) is measured, the two transparent conducting layers are separated in the z-direction (by the device materials), but share the same x,y coordinate.

“Hold Voltage” refers to the applied voltage necessary to indefinitely maintain the device in an ending optical state. In some cases, without application of a hold voltage, electrochromic windows return to their natural tint state. In other words, maintenance of a desired tint state requires application of a hold voltage.

“Drive Voltage” refers to the applied voltage provided during at least a portion of the optical transition. The drive voltage may be viewed as “driving” at least a portion of the optical transition. Its magnitude is different from that of the applied voltage immediately prior to the start of the optical transition. In certain embodiments, the magnitude of the drive voltage is greater than the magnitude of the hold voltage. An example application of drive and hold voltages is depicted in FIG. 3

Context and Overview

The disclosed embodiments make use of electrical probing and monitoring to evaluate an unknown optical state (e.g., tint state or other optical characteristic) of an optically switchable device and/or to determine when an optical transition between a first optical state and a second optical state of an optically switchable device has proceeded to a sufficient extent that the application of a drive voltage can be terminated. For example, electrical probing allows for application of drive voltages for less time than previously thought possible, as a particular device is driven based on electrical probing of its actual optical transition progression in real time. Further, real time monitoring can help ensure that an optical transition progresses to a desired state. The electrical probing and monitoring techniques described herein can also be used to monitor/control optical transitions that begin during the course of a previously ongoing optical transition. A number of different control techniques are available, with certain techniques being especially well suited for accomplishing different types of tasks as described further below.

In various embodiments, terminating the drive voltage is accomplished by dropping the applied voltage to a hold voltage. This approach takes advantage of an aspect of optical transitions that is typically considered undesirable — the propensity of thin optically switchable devices to transition between optical states non-uniformly. In particular, many optically switchable devices initially transition at locations close to the bus bars and only later at regions far from the bus bars (e.g., near the center of the device). Surprisingly, this non-uniformity can be harnessed to probe the optical transition. By allowing the transition to be probed in the manner described herein, optically switchable devices avoid the need for custom characterization and associated preprogramming of device control algorithms specifying the length of time a drive voltage is applied as well as obviating “one size fits all” fixed time period drive parameters that account for variations in temperature, device structure variability, and the like across many devices. Further, the probing techniques can also be used to determine the optical state (e.g., tint state) of an optically switchable device having an unknown optical state, making such techniques useful both before and during an optical transition. Before describing probing and monitoring techniques in more detail, some context on optical transitions in electrochromic devices will be provided.

Driving a transition in a typical electrochromic device is accomplished by applying a defined voltage to two separated bus bars on the device. In such a device, it is convenient to position bus bars perpendicular to the smaller dimension of a rectangular window (see FIG. 1A). This is because the transparent conducting layers used to deliver an applied voltage over the face of the thin film device have an associated sheet resistance, and the bus bar arrangement allows for the shortest span over which current must travel to cover the entire area of the device, thus lowering the time it takes for the conductor layers to be fully charged across their respective areas, and thus lowering the time to transition the device.

While an applied voltage, V_(app), is supplied across the bus bars, essentially all areas of the device see a lower local effective voltage (V_(eff)) due to the sheet resistance of the transparent conducting layers and the current draw of the device. The center of the device (the position midway between the two bus bars) frequently has the lowest value of V_(eff). This may result in an unacceptably small optical switching range and/or an unacceptably slow switching time in the center of the device. These problems may not exist at the edges of the device, nearer the bus bars. This is explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 1B and 1C.

FIG. 1A shows a top-down view of an electrochromic lite 100 including bus bars having a planar configuration. Electrochromic lite 100 includes a first bus bar 105 disposed on a first conductive layer 110 and a second bus bar 115 disposed on a second conductive layer, 120. An electrochromic stack (not shown) is sandwiched between first conductive layer 110 and second conductive layer 120. As shown, first bus bar 105 may extend substantially across one side of first conductive layer 110. Second bus bar 115 may extend substantially across one side of second conductive layer 120 opposite the side of electrochromic lite 100 on which first bus bar 105 is disposed. Some devices may have extra bus bars, e.g. on all four edges, but this complicates fabrication. A further discussion of bus bar configurations, including planar configured bus bars, is found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/452,032 filed Apr. 20, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 1B is a graph showing a plot of the local voltage in first transparent conductive layer 110 and the voltage in second transparent conductive layer 120 that drives the transition of electrochromic lite 100 from a clear state to a tinted state, for example. Plot 125 shows the local values of the voltage V_(TCL) in first transparent conductive layer110. As shown, the voltage drops from the left hand side (e.g., where first bus bar 105 is disposed on first conductive layer 110 and where the voltage is applied) to the right hand side of first conductive layer 110 due to the sheet resistance and current passing through first conductive layer 110. Plot 130 also shows the local voltage V_(TCL) in second conductive layer 120. As shown, the voltage increases (decreases in magnitude) from the right hand side (e.g., where second bus bar 115 is disposed on second conductive layer 120 and where the voltage is applied) to the left hand side of second conductive layer 120 due to the sheet resistance of second conductive layer 120. The value of the applied voltage, V_(app), in this example is the difference in voltage between the right end of potential plot 130 and the left end of potential plot 125. The value of the effective voltage, V_(eff), at any location between the bus bars is the difference in values of curves 130 and 125 at the position on the x-axis corresponding to the location of interest.

FIG. 1C is a graph showing a plot of V_(eff) across the electrochromic device between first and second conductive layers 110 and 120 of electrochromic lite 100. As explained, the effective voltage is the local voltage difference between the first conductive layer 110 and the second conductive layer 120. Regions of an electrochromic device subjected to higher effective voltages transition between optical states faster than regions subjected to lower effective voltages. As shown, the effective voltage is the lowest at the center of electrochromic lite 100 and highest at the edges of electrochromic lite 100. The voltage drop across the device is due to ohmic losses as current passes through the device. The voltage drop across large electrochromic windows can be alleviated by configuring additional bus bars within the viewing area of the window, in effect dividing one large optical window into multiple smaller electrochromic windows which can be driven in series or parallel. However, this approach may not be aesthetically appealing due to the contrast between the viewable area and the bus bar(s) in the viewable area. That is, it may be much more pleasing to the eye to have a monolithic electrochromic device without any distracting bus bars in the viewable area.

As described above, as the window size increases, the electronic resistance to current flowing across the thin face of the TC layers also increases. This resistance may be measured between the points closest to the bus bar (referred to as edge of the device in following description) and in the points furthest away from the bus bars (referred to as the center of the device in following description). When current passes through a TCL, the voltage drops across the TCL face and this reduces the effective voltage at the center of the device. This effect is exacerbated by the fact that typically as window area increases, the leakage current density for the window stays constant but the total leakage current increases due to the increased area. Thus with both of these effects the effective voltage at the center of the electrochromic window falls substantially, and poor performance may be observed for electrochromic windows which are larger than, for example, about 30 inches across. This issue can be addressed by using a higher V_(app) such that the center of the device reaches a suitable effective voltage.

Typically the range of safe operation for solid state electrochromic devices is between about 0.5V and 4V, or more typically between about 0.8V and about 3V, e.g. between 0.9V and 1.8V. These are local values of V_(eff). In one embodiment, an electrochromic device controller or control algorithm provides a driving profile where V_(eff) is always below 3V, in another embodiment, the controller controls V_(eff) so that it is always below 2.5V, in another embodiment, the controller controls V_(eff) so that it is always below 1.8V. The recited voltage values refer to the time averaged voltage (where the averaging time is of the order of time required for small optical response, e.g. few seconds to few minutes).

An added complexity of electrochromic windows is that the current drawn through the window is not fixed over the duration of the optical transition. Instead, during the initial part of the transition, the current through the device is substantially larger (up to 100× larger) than in the end state when the optical transition is complete or nearly complete. The problem of poor coloration in center of the device is further exacerbated during this initial transition period, as the value V_(eff) at the center is significantly lower than what it will be at the end of the transition period.

In the case of an electrochromic device with a planar bus bar, it can be shown that the V_(eff) across a device with planar bus bars is generally given by:

ΔV(0)=V _(app) −RJL ²/2

ΔV(L)=V _(app) −RJL ²/2

ΔV(L/2)=V _(app)−3RJL ²/4   Equation 1

where:

-   V_(app) is the voltage difference applied to the bus bars to drive     the electrochromic window; -   ΔV(0) is V_(eff) at the bus bar connected to the first transparent     conducting layer (in the example below, TEC type TCO); -   ΔV(L) is V_(eff) at the bus bar connected to the second transparent     conducting layer (in the example below, ITO type TCO); -   ΔV(L/2) is V_(eff) at the center of the device, midway between the     two planar bus bars; -   R=transparent conducting layer sheet resistance; -   J=instantaneous average current density; and -   L=distance between the bus bars of the electrochromic device.

The transparent conducting layers are assumed to have substantially similar, if not the same, sheet resistance for the calculation. However those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the applicable physics of the ohmic voltage drop and local effective voltage still apply even if the transparent conducting layers have dissimilar sheet resistances.

As noted, certain embodiments pertain to controllers and control algorithms for driving optical transitions in devices having planar bus bars. In such devices, substantially linear bus bars of opposite polarity are disposed at opposite sides of a rectangular or other polygonally shaped electrochromic device. In some embodiments, devices with non-planar bus bars may be employed. Such devices may employ, for example, angled bus bars disposed at vertices of the device. In such devices, the bus bar effective separation distance, L, is determined based on the geometry of the device and bus bars. A discussion of bus bar geometries and separation distances may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/452,032, entitled “Angled Bus Bar”, and filed Apr. 20, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

As R, J or L increase, V_(eff) across the device decreases, thereby slowing or reducing the device coloration during transition and even in the final optical state. Referring to Equation 1, the V_(eff) across the window is at least RJL²/2 lower than V_(app). It has been found that as the resistive voltage drop increases (due to increase in the window size, current draw etc.) some of the loss can be negated by increasing V_(app) but doing so only to a value that keeps V_(eff) at the edges of the device below the threshold where reliability degradation would occur.

In summary, it has been recognized that both transparent conducting layers experience ohmic drop, and that drop increases with distance from the associated bus bar, and therefore V_(TCL) decreases with distance from the bus bar for both transparent conductive layers. As a consequence V_(eff) decreases in locations removed from both bus bars.

To speed along optical transitions, the applied voltage is initially provided at a magnitude greater than that required to hold the device at a particular optical state in equilibrium. This approach is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 .

FIG. 2 shows a complete current profile and voltage profile for an electrochromic device employing a simple voltage control algorithm to cause an optical state transition cycle (tinting followed by clearing) of an electrochromic device. In the graph, total current density (I) is represented as a function of time. As mentioned, the total current density is a combination of the ionic current density associated with an electrochromic transition and electronic leakage current between the electrochemically active electrodes. Many different types of electrochomic devices will have the depicted current profile. In one example, a cathodic electrochromic material such as tungsten oxide is used in conjunction with an anodic electrochromic material such as nickel tungsten oxide in counter electrode. In such devices, negative currents indicate coloration/tinting of the device. In one example, lithium ions flow from a nickel tungsten oxide anodically coloring electrochromic electrode into a tungsten oxide cathodically coloring electrochromic electrode. Correspondingly, electrons flow into the tungsten oxide electrode to compensate for the positively charged incoming lithium ions. Therefore, the voltage and current are shown to have a negative value.

The depicted profile results from ramping up the voltage to a set level and then holding the voltage to maintain the optical state. The current peaks 201 are associated with changes in optical state, i.e., tinting and clearing. Specifically, the current peaks represent delivery of the ionic charge needed to tint or clear the device. Mathematically, the shaded area under the peak represents the total charge required to tint or clear the device. The portions of the curve after the initial current spikes (portions 203) represent electronic leakage current while the device is in the new optical state.

In the figure, a voltage profile 205 is superimposed on the current curve. The voltage profile follows the sequence: negative ramp (207), negative hold (209), positive ramp (211), and positive hold (213). Note that the voltage remains constant after reaching its maximum magnitude and during the length of time that the device remains in its defined optical state. Voltage ramp 207 drives the device to its new the tinted state and voltage hold 209 maintains the device in the tinted state until voltage ramp 211 in the opposite direction drives the transition from tinted to clear states. In some switching algorithms, a current cap is imposed. That is, the current is not permitted to exceed a defined level in order to prevent damaging the device (e.g. driving ion movement through the material layers too quickly can physically damage the material layers). The coloration speed is a function of not only the applied voltage, but also the temperature and the voltage ramping rate.

FIG. 3 illustrates a voltage control profile in accordance with certain embodiments. In the depicted embodiment, a voltage control profile is employed to drive the transition from a clear state to a tinted state (or to an intermediate state). To drive an electrochromic device in the reverse direction, from a tinted state to a clear state (or from a more tinted to less tinted state), a similar but inverted profile is used. In some embodiments, the voltage control profile for going from tinted to clear is a mirror image of the one depicted in FIG. 3 .

The voltage values depicted in FIG. 3 represent the applied voltage (V_(app)) values. The applied voltage profile is shown by the dashed line. For contrast, the current density in the device is shown by the solid line. In the depicted profile, V_(app) includes four components: a ramp to drive component 303, which initiates the transition, a V_(drive) component 313, which continues to drive the transition, a ramp to hold component 315, and a V_(hold) component 317. The ramp components are implemented as variations in V_(app) and the V_(drive) and V_(hold) components provide constant or substantially constant V_(app) magnitudes.

The ramp to drive component is characterized by a ramp rate (increasing magnitude) and a magnitude of V_(drive). When the magnitude of the applied voltage reaches V_(drive), the ramp to drive component is completed. The V_(drive) component is characterized by the value of V_(drive) as well as the duration of V_(drive). The magnitude of V_(drive) may be chosen to maintain V_(eff) with a safe but effective range over the entire face of the electrochromic device as described above.

The ramp to hold component is characterized by a voltage ramp rate (decreasing magnitude) and the value of V_(hold) (or optionally the difference between V_(drive) and V_(hold)). V_(app) drops according to the ramp rate until the value of V_(hold) is reached. The V_(hold) component is characterized by the magnitude of V_(hold) and the duration of V_(hold). Actually, the duration of V_(hold) is typically governed by the length of time that the device is held in the tinted state (or conversely in the clear state). Unlike the ramp to drive, V_(drive), and ramp to hold components, the V_(hold) component has an arbitrary length, which is independent of the physics of the optical transition of the device.

Each type of electrochromic device will have its own characteristic components of the voltage profile for driving the optical transition. For example, a relatively large device and/or one with a more resistive conductive layer will require a higher value of V_(drive) and possibly a higher ramp rate in the ramp to drive component. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/449,251, filed Apr. 17, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference, discloses controllers and associated algorithms for driving optical transitions over a wide range of conditions. As explained therein, each of the components of an applied voltage profile (ramp to drive, V_(drive), ramp to hold, and V_(hold), herein) may be independently controlled to address real-time conditions such as current temperature, current level of transmissivity, etc. In some embodiments, the values of each component of the applied voltage profile is set for a particular electrochromic device (having its own bus bar separation, resistivity, etc.) and does not vary based on current conditions. In other words, in such embodiments, the voltage profile does not take into account feedback such as temperature, current density, and the like.

As indicated, all voltage values shown in the voltage transition profile of FIG. 3 correspond to the V_(app) values described above. They do not correspond to the V_(eff) values described above. In other words, the voltage values depicted in FIG. 3 are representative of the voltage difference between the bus bars of opposite polarity on the electrochromic device.

In certain embodiments, the ramp to drive component of the voltage profile is chosen to safely but rapidly induce ionic current to flow between the electrochromic and counter electrodes. As shown in FIG. 3 , the current in the device follows the profile of the ramp to drive voltage component until the ramp to drive portion of the profile ends and the V_(drive) portion begins. See current component 301 in FIG. 3 . Safe levels of current and voltage can be determined empirically or based on other feedback. U.S. Pat. No. 8,254,013, filed Mar. 16, 2011, issued Aug. 28, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference, presents examples of algorithms for maintaining safe current levels during electrochromic device transitions.

In certain embodiments, the value of V_(drive) is chosen based on the considerations described above. Particularly, it is chosen so that the value of V_(eff) over the entire surface of the electrochromic device remains within a range that effectively and safely transitions large electrochromic devices. The duration of V_(drive) can be chosen based on various considerations. One of these ensures that the drive potential is held for a period sufficient to cause the substantial coloration of the device. For this purpose, the duration of V_(drive) may be determined empirically, by monitoring the optical density of the device as a function of the length of time that V_(drive) remains in place. In some embodiments, the duration of V_(drive) is set to a specified time period. In another embodiment, the duration of V_(drive) is set to correspond to a desired amount of ionic and/or electronic charge being passed. As shown, the current ramps down during V_(drive). See current segment 307.

Another consideration is the reduction in current density in the device as the ionic current decays as a consequence of the available lithium ions completing their journey from the anodic coloring electrode to the cathodic coloring electrode (or counter electrode) during the optical transition. When the transition is complete, the only current flowing across device is leakage current through the ion conducting layer. As a consequence, the ohmic drop in potential across the face of the device decreases and the local values of V_(eff) increase. These increased values of V_(eff) can damage or degrade the device if the applied voltage is not reduced. Thus, another consideration in determining the duration of V_(drive) is the goal of reducing the level of V_(eff) associated with leakage current. By dropping the applied voltage from V_(drive) to V_(hold), not only is V_(eff) reduced on the face of the device but leakage current decreases as well. As shown in FIG. 3, the device current transitions in a segment 305 during the ramp to hold component. The current settles to a stable leakage current 309 during V_(hold).

Controlling V_(drive) Using Feedback from the Optical Transition

A challenge arises because it can be difficult to predict an optimum value for V_(drive), and/or how long the applied drive voltage should be applied before transitioning to the hold voltage. Devices of different sizes, and more particularly devices having bus bars separated by particular distances, require different optimal drive voltages and different lengths of time for applying the drive voltage. Further, the processes employed to fabricate optically switchable devices such as electrochromic devices may vary subtly from one batch to another or one process revision to another. The subtle process variations translate into potentially different requirements for the optimal drive voltage and length of time that the drive voltage must be applied to the devices used in operation. Still further, environmental conditions, and particularly temperature, can influence the length of time that the applied voltage should be applied to drive the transition.

To account for all these variables, current technology may define many distinct control algorithms with distinct periods of time for applying a defined drive voltage for each of many different window sizes or device features. A rationale for doing this is to ensure that the drive voltage is applied for a sufficient period, regardless of device size and type, to ensure that the optical transition is complete. Currently many different sized electrochromic windows are manufactured. While it is possible to pre-determine the appropriate drive voltage time for each and every different type of window, this can be a tedious, expensive, and time-consuming process. An improved approach, described here, is to determine on-the-fly the length of time that the drive voltage should be applied.

Further, it may be desirable to cause the transition between two defined optical states to occur within a defined duration, regardless of the size of the optically switchable device, the process under which the device is fabricated, and the environmental conditions in which the device is operating at the time of the transition. This goal can be realized by monitoring the course of the transition and adjusting the drive voltage as necessary to ensure that the transition completes in the defined time. Adjusting the magnitude of the drive voltage is one way of accomplishing this.

In a number of embodiments, a probing technique may be used to evaluate the optical state of an optically switchable device. Often, the optical state relates to the tint state of the device, though other optical properties may be probed in certain implementations. The optical state of the device may or may not be known prior to the initiation of an optical transition. In some cases, a controller may have information about the current optical state of the device. In other cases, a controller may not have any such information available. Therefore, in order to determine an appropriate drive algorithm, it may be beneficial to probe the device in a manner that allows for determination of the device's current optical state before beginning any new drive algorithms. For example, if the device is in a fully tinted state, it may damage the device to send various voltages and/or polarities through the device. By knowing the current state of the device, the risk of sending any such damaging voltages and/or polarities through the device can be minimized, and appropriate drive algorithms can be employed.

In various embodiments, an unknown optical state may be determined by applying open circuit conditions to the optically switchable device, and monitoring the open circuit voltage (V_(oc)). This technique is particularly useful for determining the tint state of an electrochromic device, though it may also be used in some cases where a different optical characteristic is being determined and/or cases where a different type of optically switchable device is used. In many embodiments, the optical state of an optically switchable device is a defined function of V_(oc). As a result, V_(oc) can be measured to determine the optical state of the device. This determination allows for the drive algorithm to be tailored to the particular optical transition that is to occur (e.g., from the determined starting optical state to the desired ending optical state). This technique is particularly useful and accurate when the device has been quiescent (i.e., not actively transitioning) for a period of time (e.g., about 1-30 minutes or longer) before the measurement takes place. In some cases, temperature may also be taken into account when determining the optical state of the device based on the measured V_(oc). However, in various embodiments the relationship between optical state and V_(oc) varies little with temperature, and as such, temperature may be ignored when determining the optical state based on the measured V_(oc).

Certain disclosed embodiments apply a probing technique to assess the progress of an optical transition while the device is in transition. As illustrated in FIG. 3 , there are typically distinct ramp to drive and the drive voltage maintenance stages of the optical transition. The probe technique can be applied during either of these. In many embodiments, it is applied during the drive voltage maintenance portion of the algorithm.

In certain embodiments, the probing technique involves pulsing the current or voltage applied to drive the transition and then monitoring the current or voltage response to detect an overdrive condition in the vicinity of the bus bars. An overdrive condition occurs when the local effective voltage is greater than needed to cause a local optical transition. For example, if an optical transition to a clear state is deemed complete when V_(eff) reaches 2V, and the local value of V_(eff) near a bus bar is 2.2V, the position near the bus bar may be characterized as in an overdrive condition.

One example of a probing technique involves pulsing the applied drive voltage by dropping it to the level of the hold voltage (or the hold voltage modified by an appropriate offset) and monitoring the current response to determine the direction of the current response. In this example, when the current response reaches a defined threshold, the device control system determines that it is now time to transition from the drive voltage to the hold voltage. Another example of a probing technique mentioned above involves applying open circuit conditions to the device and monitoring the open circuit voltage, V_(oc). This may be done to determine the optical state of an optical device and/or to monitor/control an optical transition. Further, in a number of cases, the amount of charge passed to the optically switchable device (or relatedly, the delivered charge or charge density) may be monitored and used to control an optical transition.

FIG. 4A is a graph depicting an optical transition in which a drop in applied voltage from V_(drive) to V_(hold) results in a net current flow establishing that the optical transition has proceeded far enough to permit the applied voltage to remain at V_(hold) for the duration of the ending optical state. This is illustrated by a voltage drop 411 in V_(app) from V_(drive) to V_(hold). Voltage drop 411 is performed during a period when the V_(app) might otherwise be constrained to remain in the drive phase shown in FIG. 3 . The current flowing between the bus bars began dropping (becoming less negative), as illustrated by current segment 307, when the applied voltage initially stopped increasing (becoming more negative) and plateaued at V_(drive). However, when the applied voltage now dropped at 411, the current began decreasing more readily as illustrated by current segment 415. In accordance with some embodiments, the level of current is measured after a defined period of time passes following the voltage drop 411. If the current is below a certain threshold, the optical transition is deemed complete, and the applied voltage may remain at V_(hold) (or move to V_(hold) if it is at some other level below V_(drive)). In the particular example of FIG. 4A, the current threshold is exceeded as illustrated. Therefore, the V_(app) remains at V_(hold) for the duration of the ending optical state. V_(hold) may be selected for the ending optical state it provides. Such ending optical state may be a maximum, minimum, or intermediate optical state for the optical device undergoing the transition.

In situations where the current does not reach the threshold when measured, it may be appropriate to return V_(app) to V_(drive). FIG. 4B illustrates this situation. FIG. 4B is a graph depicting an optical transition in which an initial drop in applied voltage from V_(drive) to V_(hold) (see 411) results in a net current flow indicating that the optical transition has not yet proceeded far enough to permit the applied voltage to remain at V_(hold) for the duration of the ending optical state. Note that current segment 415, which has a trajectory resulting from voltage drop 411, does not reach the threshold when probed at 419. Therefore the applied voltage is returned to V_(drive) for a further period of time—while the current recovers at 417—before again dropping again to V_(hold) (421) at which point the resulting current (423) establishes that the optical transition has proceeded far enough to permit the applied voltage to remain at V_(hold) for the duration of the ending optical state. As explained, the ending optical state may be a maximum, minimum, or intermediate optical state for the optical device undergoing the transition.

As explained, the hold voltage is a voltage that will maintain the optical device in equilibrium at a particular optical density or other optical condition. It produces a steady-state result by generating a current that offsets the leakage current in the ending optical state. The drive voltage is applied to speed the transition to a point where applying the hold voltage will result in a time invariant desired optical state.

Certain probing techniques described herein may be understood in terms of the physical mechanisms associated with an optical transition driven from bus bars at the edges of a device. Basically, such techniques rely on differential values of the effective voltage experienced in the optically switchable device across the face of the device, and particularly the variation in V_(eff) from the center of the device to the edge of the device. The local variation in potential on the transparent conductive layers results in different values of V_(eff) across the face of the device. The value of V_(eff) experienced by the optically switchable device near the bus bars is far greater the value of V_(eff) in the center of the device. As a consequence, the local charge buildup in the region next to the bus bars is significantly greater than the charge buildup in the center the device.

At some point during the optical transition, the value of V_(eff) at the edge of the device near the bus bars is sufficient to exceed the ending optical state desired for the optical transition whereas in the center of the device, the value of V_(eff) is insufficient to reach that ending state. The ending state may be an optical density value associated with the endpoint in the optical transition. While in this intermediate stage of the optical transition, if the drive voltage is dropped to the hold voltage, the portion of the electrochromic device close to the bus bars will effectively try to transition back toward the state from which it started. However, as the device state in the center of the device has not yet reached the end state of the optical transition, when a hold voltage is applied, the center portion of the device will continue transitioning in the direction desired for the optical transition.

When the device in this intermediate stage of transition experiences the change in applied voltage from the drive voltage to the hold voltage (or some other suitably lower magnitude voltage), the portions of the device located near the bus bars—where the device is effectively overdriven—generate current flowing in the direction opposite that required to drive the transition. In contrast, the regions of the device in the center, which have not yet fully transitioned to the final state, continue to promote current flow in a direction required to drive the transition.

Over the course of the optical transition, and while the device is experiencing the applied drive voltage, there is a gradual increase in the driving force for causing current to flow in the reverse direction when the device is subject to a sudden drop in applied voltage. By monitoring the flow of current in response to perturbations away from drive voltage, one can determine a point at which the transition from the first state to the second state is sufficiently far along that a transition from drive voltage to hold voltage is appropriate. By “appropriate,” it is meant that the optical transition is sufficiently complete from the edge of the device to the center of the device. Such transition can be defined in many ways depending upon the specifications of the product and its application. In one embodiment, it assumes that the transition from the first state to the second state is at least about 80% of complete or at least about 95% of complete. Complete reflecting the change in optical density from the first state to the second state. The desired level of completeness may correspond to a threshold current level as depicted in the examples of FIGS. 4A and 4B.

Many possible variations to the probing protocol exist. Such variations may include certain pulse protocols defined in terms of the length of time from the initiation of the transition to the first pulse, the duration of the pulses, the size of the pulses, and the frequency of the pulses.

In one embodiment, the pulse sequence is begun immediately upon the application of a drive voltage or a ramp to drive voltage that initiates the transition between the first optical state and second optical state. In other words, there would be no lag time between the initiation of the transition and the application of pulsing. In some implementations, the probe duration is sufficiently short (e.g., about 1 second or less) that probing back and forth between V_(drive) and V_(hold) for the entire transition is not significantly detrimental to switching time. However, in some embodiments, it is unnecessary to start probing right away. In some cases, switching is initiated after about 50% of an expected or nominal switching period is complete, or about 75% of such period is complete. Often, the distance between bus bars is known or can be read using an appropriately configured controller. With the distance known, a conservative lower limit for initiating probing may be implemented based on approximate known switching time. As an example, the controller may be configured to initiate probing after about 50-75% of expected switching duration is complete.

In some embodiments, the probing begins after about 30 seconds from initiating the optical transition. Relatively earlier probing may be especially helpful in cases where an interrupt command is received. An interrupt command is one that instructs the device to switch to a third optical transmission state when the device is already in the process of changing from a first to a second optical transmission state). In this case, early probing can help determine the direction of the transition (i.e, whether the interrupt command requires the window to become lighter or darker than when the command is received). In some embodiments, the probing begins about 120 minutes (e.g., about 30 minutes, about 60 minutes, or about 90 minutes) after initiating the optical transition. Relatively later probing may be more useful where larger windows are used, and where the transition occurs from an equilibrium state. For architectural glass, probing may begin about 30 seconds to 30 minutes after initiating the optical transition, in some cases between about 1-5 minutes, for example between about 1-3 minutes, or between about 10-30 minutes, or between about 20-30 minutes. In some embodiments, the probing begins about 1-5 minutes (e.g., about 1-3 minutes, about 2 minutes in a particular example) after initiating an optical transition through an interrupt command, while the probing begins about 10-30 minutes (e.g., about 20-30 minutes) after initiating an optical transition from an initial command given when the electrochromic device is in an equilibrium state.

In the examples of FIGS. 4A and 4B, the size of the pulses is between the drive voltage value and the hold voltage value. This may be done for convenience. Other pulse magnitudes are possible. For example, the pulse may a magnitude of about +/−about 500 mV of the hold voltage, or about +/−200 mV of the hold voltage. For context, an electrochromic device on a window, such as an architectural window, may have a drive voltage of about 0 volts to +/−20 volts (e.g., about +/−2 volts to +/−10 volts) and a hold voltage of about 0 volts to +/−4 volts (e.g., about +/−1 volt to +/−2 volts).

In various embodiments, the controller determines when during the optical transition the polarity of the probe current opposes the polarity of the bias due to transition proceeding to a significant extent. In other words, the current to the bus bars flows in a direction opposite of what would be expected if the optical transition was still proceeding.

Probing by dropping the applied voltage magnitude from V_(drive) to V_(hold) provides a convenient, and broadly applicable, mechanism for monitoring the transition to determine when the probe current first reverses polarity. Probing by dropping the voltage to a magnitude other than that of V_(hold) may involve characterization of window performance. It appears that even very large windows (e.g., about 60″) essentially complete their optical transition when the current first opposes the transition upon probing from V_(drive) to V_(hold).

In certain cases, probing occurs by dropping the applied voltage magnitude from V_(drive) to V_(probe), where V_(probe) is a probe voltage other than the hold voltage. For example, V_(probe) may be V_(hold) as modified by an offset. Although many windows are able to essentially complete their optical transitions when the current first opposes the transition after probing from V_(drive) to V_(hold), certain windows may benefit from pulsing to a voltage slightly offset from the hold voltage. In general, the offset becomes increasingly beneficial as the size of the window increases, and as the temperature of the window drops. In certain cases, the offset is between about 0-1V, and the magnitude of V_(probe) is between about 0-1V higher than the magnitude of V_(hold). For example, the offset may be between about 0-0.4V. In these or other embodiments, the offset may be at least about 0.025V, or at least about 0.05V, or at least about 0.1V. The offset may result in the transition having a longer duration than it otherwise would. The longer duration helps ensure that the optical transition is able to fully complete. Techniques for selecting an appropriate offset from the hold voltage are discussed further below in the context of a target open circuit voltage.

In some embodiments, the controller notifies a user or the window network master controller of how far (by, e.g., percentage) the optical transition has progressed. This may be an indication of what transmission level the center of the window is currently at. Feedback regarding transition may be provided to user interface in a mobile device or other computational apparatus. See e.g., PCT Patent Application No. US2013/036456 filed Apr. 12, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The frequency of the probe pulsing may be between about 10 seconds and 500 seconds. As used in this context, the “frequency” means the separation time between the midpoints of adjacent pulses in a sequence of two or more pulses. Typically, the frequency of the pulsing is between about 10 seconds and 120 seconds. In certain embodiments, the frequency the pulsing is between about 20 seconds and 30 seconds. In certain embodiments, the probe frequency is influenced by the size of the electrochromic device or the separation between bus bars in the device. In certain embodiments, the probe frequency is chosen as a function the expected duration of the optical transition. For example, the frequency may be set to be about ⅕^(th) to about 1/50^(th) (or about 1/10^(th) to about 1/30^(th)) of the expected duration of the transition time. Note that transition time may correspond to the expected duration of V_(app)=V_(drive). Note also that the expected duration of the transition may be a function of the size of the electrochromic device (or separation of bus bars). In one example, the duration for 14″ windows is ˜2.5 minutes, while the duration for 60″ windows is ˜40 minutes. In one example, the probe frequency is every 6.5 seconds for a 14″ window and every 2 minutes for a 60″ window.

In various implementations, the duration of each pulse is between about 1×10⁻⁵ and 20 seconds. In some embodiments, the duration of the pulses is between about 0.1 and 20 seconds, for example between about 0.5 seconds and 5 seconds.

As indicated, in certain embodiments, an advantage of the probing techniques disclosed herein is that only very little information need be pre-set with the controller that is responsible for controlling a window transition. Typically, such information includes only the hold voltage (and voltage offset, if applicable) associated for each optical end state. Additionally, the controller may specify a difference in voltage between the hold voltage and a drive voltage, or alternatively, the value of V_(drive) itself. Therefore, for any chosen ending optical state, the controller would know the magnitudes of V_(hold), V_(offset) and V_(drive). The duration of the drive voltage is determined using the probing algorithm described here. In other words, the controller determines how to appropriately apply the drive voltage as a consequence of actively probing the extent of the transition in real time.

FIG. 5A presents a flowchart 501 for a process of monitoring and controlling an optical transition in accordance with certain disclosed embodiments. As depicted, the process begins with an operation denoted by reference number 503, where a controller or other control logic receives instructions to direct the optical transition. As explained, the optical transition may be an optical transition between a tinted state and a more clear state of electrochromic device. The instructions for directing the optical transition may be provided to the controller based upon a preprogrammed schedule, an algorithm reacting to external conditions, manual input from a user, etc. Regardless of how the instructions originate, the controller acts on them by applying a drive voltage to the bus bars of the optically switchable device. See the operation denoted by reference number 505.

As explained above, in conventional embodiments, the drive voltage is applied to the bus bars for a defined period of time after which it is presumed that the optical transition is sufficiently complete that the applied voltage can be dropped to a hold voltage. In such embodiments, the hold voltage is then maintained for the duration of the pending optical state. In contrast, in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, the transition from a starting optical state to an ending optical state is controlled by probing the condition of the optically switchable device one or more times during the transition. This procedure is reflected in operations 507, et seq. of FIG. 5A.

In operation 507, the magnitude of the applied voltage is dropped after allowing the optical transition to proceed for an incremental period of time. The duration of this incremental transition is significantly less than the total duration required to fully complete the optical transition. Upon dropping the magnitude of the applied voltage, the controller measures the response of the current flowing to the bus bars. See operation 509. The relevant controller logic may then determine whether the current response indicates that the optical transition is nearly complete. See decision 511. As explained above, the determination of whether an optical transition is nearly complete can be accomplished in various ways. For example, it may be determined by the current reaching a particular threshold. Assuming that the current response does not indicate that the optical transition is nearly complete, process control is directed to an operation denoted by reference number 513. In this operation, the applied voltage is returned to the magnitude of the drive voltage. Process controls then loops back to operation 507 where the optical transition is allowed to proceed by a further increment before again dropping the magnitude of the applied voltage to the bus bars.

At some point in the procedure 501, decision operation 511 determines that the current response indicates that the optical transition is in fact nearly complete. At this point, process control proceeds to an operation indicated by reference number 515, where the applied voltage is transitioned to or maintained at the hold voltage for the duration of the ending optical state. At this point, the process is complete.

Separately, in some implementations, the method or controller may specify a total duration of the transition. In such implementations, the controller may be programmed to use a modified probing algorithm to monitor the progress of the transition from the starting state to the end state. The progress can be monitored by periodically reading a current value in response to a drop in the applied voltage magnitude such as with the probing technique described above. The probing technique may also be implemented using a drop in applied current (e.g., measuring the open circuit voltage) as explained below. The current or voltage response indicates how close to completion the optical transition has come. In some cases, the response is compared to a threshold current or voltage for a particular time (e.g., the time that has elapsed since the optical transition was initiated). In some embodiments, the comparison is made for a progression of the current or voltage responses using sequential pulses or checks. The steepness of the progression may indicate when the end state is likely to be reached. A linear extension to this threshold current may be used to predict when the transition will be complete, or more precisely when it will be sufficiently complete that it is appropriate to drop the drive voltage to the hold voltage.

With regard to algorithms for ensuring that the optical transition from first state to the second state occurs within a defined timeframe, the controller may be configured or designed to increase the drive voltage as appropriate to speed up the transition when the interpretation of the pulse responses suggests that the transition is not progressing fast enough to meet the desired speed of transition. In certain embodiments, when it is determined that the transition is not progressing sufficiently fast, the transition switches to a mode where it is driven by an applied current. The current is sufficiently great to increase the speed of the transition but is not so great that it degrades or damages the electrochromic device. In some implementations, the maximum suitably safe current may be referred to as I_(safe). Examples of I_(safe) may range between about 5 and 250 μA/cm². In current controlled drive mode, the applied voltage is allowed to float during the optical transition. Then, during this current controlled drive step, could the controller periodically probes by, e.g., dropping to the hold voltage and checking for completeness of transition in the same way as when using a constant drive voltage.

In general, the probing technique may determine whether the optical transition is progressing as expected. If the technique determines that the optical transition is proceeding too slowly, it can take steps to speed the transition. For example, it can increase the drive voltage. Similarly, the technique may determine that the optical transition is proceeding too quickly and risks damaging the device. When such determination is made, the probing technique may take steps to slow the transition. As an example, the controller may reduce the drive voltage.

In some applications, groups of windows are set to matching transition rates. The windows in the group may or may not start from the same starting optical state, and may or may not end at the same ending optical state. In certain embodiments, the windows will start from the same, first, optical state and transition to the same, second, transition state. In one embodiment, the matching is accomplished by adjusting the voltage and/or driving current based on the feedback obtained during the probing described herein (by pulse or open circuit measurements). In embodiments where the transition is controlled by monitoring the current response, the magnitude of the current response and/or an accumulation of charge delivered to the optically switchable device may be compared from controller to controller (for each of the group of windows) to determine how to scale the driving potential or driving current for each window in the group. The rate of change of open circuit voltage could be used in the same manner. In another embodiment, a faster transitioning window may utilize one or more pauses in order to switch over the same duration as a slower switching window, as described below in relation to FIG. 5K. The pauses may correspond to preset tint states, or not.

FIG. 5B presents a flowchart 521 depicting an example process for ensuring that the optical transition occurs sufficiently fast, e.g., within a defined time period. The first four depicted operations in flowchart 521 correspond to the first four operations in flowchart 501. In other words, operation 523, 525, 527, and 529 of flowchart 521 correspond to operations 503, 505, 507, and 509 of flowchart 501. Briefly, in operation 523, the controller or other appropriate logic receives instructions to undergo an optical transition. Then, at operation 525, the controller applies a drive voltage to the bus bars. After allowing the optical transition to proceed incrementally, the controller drops the magnitude of the applied voltage to the bus bars. See operation 527. The magnitude of the lower voltage is typically, though not necessarily, the hold voltage. As mentioned, the lower voltage may also be the hold voltage as modified by an offset (the offset often falling between about 0-1V, for example between about 0-0.4V in many cases). Next, the controller measures the current response to the applied voltage drop. See operation 529.

The controller next determines whether the current response indicates that the optical transition is proceeding too slowly. See decision 531. As explained, the current response may be analyzed in various ways determine whether the transition is proceeding with sufficient speed. For example, the magnitude of the current response may be considered or the progression of multiple current responses to multiple voltage pulses may be analyzed to make this determination.

Assuming that operation 531 establishes that the optical transition is proceeding rapidly enough, the controller then increases the applied voltage back to the drive voltage. See operation 533. Thereafter, the controller then determines whether the optical transition is sufficiently complete that further progress checks are unnecessary. See operation 535. In certain embodiments, the determination in operation 535 is made by considering the magnitude of the current response as discussed in the context of FIG. 5A. Assuming that the optical transition is not yet sufficiently complete, process control returns to operation 527, where the controller allows the optical transition to progress incrementally further before again dropping the magnitude of the applied voltage.

Assuming that execution of operation 531 indicates that the optical transition is proceeding too slowly, process control is directed to an operation 537 where the controller increases the magnitude of the applied voltage to a level that is greater than the drive voltage. This over drives the transition and hopefully speeds it along to a level that meets specifications. After increasing the applied voltage to this level, process control is directed to operation 527 where the optical transition continues for a further increment before the magnitude of the applied voltage is dropped. The overall process then continues through operation 529, 531, etc. as described above. At some point, decision 535 is answered in the affirmative and the process is complete. In other words, no further progress checks are required. The optical transition then completes as illustrated in, for example, flowchart 501.

Another application of the probing techniques disclosed herein involves on-the-fly modification of the optical transition to a different end state. In some cases, it will be necessary to change the end state after a transition begins. Examples of reasons for such modification include a user's manual override a previously specified end tint state and a wide spread electrical power shortage or disruption. In such situations, the initially set end state might be transmissivity=40% and the modified end state might be transmissivity=5%.

Where an end state modification occurs during an optical transition, the probing techniques disclosed herein can adapt and move directly to the new end state, rather than first completing the transition to the initial end state.

In some implementations, the transition controller/method detects the current state of the window using a voltage/current sense as disclosed herein and then moves to a new drive voltage immediately. The new drive voltage may be determined based on the new end state and optionally the time allotted to complete the transition. If necessary, the drive voltage is increased significantly to speed the transition or drive a greater transition in optical state. The appropriate modification is accomplished without waiting for the initially defined transition to complete. The probing techniques disclosed herein provide a way to detect where in the transition the device is and make adjustments from there.

It should be understood that the probing techniques presented herein need not be limited to measuring the magnitude of the device's current in response to a voltage drop (pulse). There are various alternatives to measuring the magnitude of the current response to a voltage pulse as an indicator of how far as the optical transition has progressed. In one example, the profile of a current transient provides useful information. In another example, measuring the open circuit voltage of the device may provide the requisite information. In such embodiments, the pulse involves simply applying no voltage to device and then measuring the voltage that the open circuit device applies. Further, it should be understood that current and voltage based algorithms are equivalent. In a current based algorithm, the probe is implemented by dropping the applied current and monitoring the device response. The response may be a measured change in voltage. For example, the device may be held in an open circuit condition to measure the voltage between bus bars.

FIG. 5C presents a flowchart 501 for a process of monitoring and controlling an optical transition in accordance with certain disclosed embodiments. In this case, the process condition probed is the open circuit voltage, as described in the previous paragraph. The first two depicted operations in flowchart 541 correspond to the first two operations in flowcharts 501 and 521. In other words, operations 543 and 545 of flowchart 541 correspond to operations 503 and 505 of flowchart 501. Briefly, in operation 543, the controller or other appropriate logic receives instructions to undergo an optical transition. Then, at operation 545, the controller applies a drive voltage to the bus bars. After allowing the optical transition to proceed incrementally, the controller applies open circuit conditions to the electrochromic device at operation 547. Next, the controller measures the open circuit voltage response at operation 549.

As is the case above, the controller may measure the electronic response (in this case the open circuit voltage) after a defined period has passed since applying the open circuit conditions. Upon application of open circuit conditions, the voltage typically experiences an initial drop relating to the ohmic losses in external components connected to the electrochromic device. Such external components may be, for example, conductors and connections to the device. After this initial drop, the voltage experiences a first relaxation and settles at a first plateau voltage. The first relaxation relates to internal ohmic losses, for example over the electrode/electrolyte interfaces within the electrochromic devices. The voltage at the first plateau corresponds to the voltage of the cell, with both the equilibrium voltage and the overvoltages of each electrode. After the first voltage plateau, the voltage experiences a second relaxation to an equilibrium voltage. This second relaxation is much slower, for example on the order of hours. In some cases it is desirable to measure the open circuit voltage during the first plateau, when the voltage is relatively constant for a short period of time. This technique may be beneficial in providing especially reliable open circuit voltage readings. In other cases, the open circuit voltage is measured at some point during the second relaxation. This technique may be beneficial in providing sufficiently reliable open circuit readings while using less expensive and quick-operating power/control equipment.

In some embodiments, the open circuit voltage is measured after a set period of time after the open circuit conditions are applied. The optimal time period for measuring the open circuit voltage is dependent upon the distance between the bus bars. The set period of time may relate to a time at which the voltage of a typical or particular device is within the first plateau region described above. In such embodiments, the set period of time may be on the order of milliseconds (e.g., a few milliseconds in some examples). In other cases, the set period of time may relate to a time at which the voltage of a typical or particular device is experiencing the second relaxation described above. Here, the set period of time may be on the order of about 1 second to several seconds, in some cases. Shorter times may also be used depending on the available power supply and controller. As noted above, the longer times (e.g., where the open circuit voltage is measured during the second relaxation) may be beneficial in that they still provide useful open circuit voltage information without the need for high end equipment capable of operating precisely at very short timeframes.

In certain implementations, the open circuit voltage is measured/recorded after a timeframe that is dependent upon the behavior of the open circuit voltage. In other words, the open circuit voltage may be measured over time after open circuit conditions are applied, and the voltage chosen for analysis may be selected based on the voltage vs. time behavior. As described above, after application of open circuit conditions, the voltage goes through an initial drop, followed by a first relaxation, a first plateau, and a second relaxation. Each of these periods may be identified on a voltage vs. time plot based on the slope of curve. For example, the first plateau region will relate to a portion of the plot where the magnitude of dV_(oc)/dt is relatively low. This may correspond to conditions in which the ionic current has stopped (or nearly stopped) decaying. As such, in certain embodiments, the open circuit voltage used in the feedback/analysis is the voltage measured at a time when the magnitude of dV_(oc)/dt drops below a certain threshold.

Returning to FIG. 5C, after the open circuit voltage response is measured, it can be compared to a target open circuit voltage at operation 551. The target open circuit voltage may correspond to the hold voltage. In certain cases, discussed further below, the target open circuit voltage corresponds to the hold voltage as modified by an offset. Techniques for choosing an appropriate offset from the hold voltage are discussed further below. Where the open circuit voltage response indicates that the optical transition is not yet nearly complete (i.e., where the open circuit voltage has not yet reached the target open circuit voltage), the method continues at operation 553, where the applied voltage is increased to the drive voltage for an additional period of time. After the additional period of time has elapsed, the method can repeat from operation 547, where the open circuit conditions are again applied to the device. At some point in the method 541, it will be determined in operation 551 that the open circuit voltage response indicates that the optical transition is nearly complete (i.e., where the open circuit voltage response has reached the target open circuit voltage). When this is the case, the method continues at operation 555, where the applied voltage is transitioned to or maintained at the hold voltage for the duration of the ending optical state.

The method 541 of FIG. 5C is very similar to the method 501 of FIG. 5A. The main difference is that in FIG. 5C, the relevant variable measured is the open circuit voltage, while in FIG. 5A, the relevant variable measured is the current response when a reduced voltage is applied. In another embodiment, the method 521 of FIG. 5B is modified in the same way. In other words, the method 521 may be altered such that probing occurs by placing the device in open circuit conditions and measuring the open circuit voltage rather than a current response.

In another embodiment, the process for monitoring and controlling an optical transition takes into account the total amount of charge delivered to the electrochromic device during the transition, per unit area of the device. This quantity may be referred to as the delivered charge or charge density, or total delivered charge or charge density. As such, an additional criterion such as the total charge or charge density delivered may be used to ensure that the device fully transitions under all conditions.

The total delivered charge or charge density may be compared to a threshold charge or threshold charge density (also referred to as a target charge or charge density) to determine whether the optical transition is nearly complete. The threshold charge or threshold charge density may be chosen based on the minimum charge or charge density required to fully complete or nearly complete the optical transition under the likely operating conditions. In various cases, the threshold charge or threshold charge density may be chosen/estimated based on the charge or charge density required to fully complete or nearly complete the optical transition at a defined temperature (e.g., at about −40° C., at about −30° C., at about −20° C., at about −10° C., at about 0° C., at about 10° C., at about 20° C., at about 25° C., at about 30° C., at about 40° C., at about 60° C., etc.).

A suitable threshold charge or threshold charge density may also be affected by the leakage current of the electrochromic device. Devices that have higher leakage currents should have higher threshold charge densities. In some embodiments, an appropriate threshold charge or threshold charge density may be determined empirically for an individual window or window design. In other cases, an appropriate threshold may be calculated/selected based on the characteristics of the window such as the size, bus bar separation distance, leakage current, starting and ending optical states, etc. Example threshold charge densities range between about 1×10⁻⁵ C/cm² and about 5 C/cm², for example between about 1×10⁻⁴ and about 0.5 C/cm², or between about 0.005-0.05 C/cm², or between about 0.01-0.04 C/cm², or between about 0.01-0.02 in many cases. Smaller threshold charge densities may be used for partial transitions (e.g., fully clear to 25% tinted) and larger threshold charge densities may be used for full transitions. A first threshold charge or charge density may be used for bleaching/clearing transitions, and a second threshold charge or charge density may be used for coloring/tinting transitions. In certain embodiments, the threshold charge or charge density is higher for tinting transitions than for clearing transitions. In a particular example, the threshold charge density for tinting is between about 0.013-0.017 C/cm², and the threshold charge density for clearing is between about 0.016-0.020 C/cm². Additional threshold charge densities may be appropriate where the window is capable of transitioning between more than two states. For instance, if the device switches between four different optical states: A, B, C, and D, a different threshold charge or charge density may be used for each transition (e.g., A to B, A to C, A to D, B to A, etc.).

In some embodiments, the threshold charge or threshold charge density is determined empirically. For instance, the amount of charge required to accomplish a particular transition between desired end states may be characterized for devices of different sizes. A curve may be fit for each transition to correlate the bus bar separation distance with the required charge or charge density. Such information may be used to determine the minimum threshold charge or threshold charge density required for a particular transition on a given window. In some cases, the information gathered in such empirical determinations is used to calculate an amount of charge or charge density that corresponds to a certain level of change (increase or decrease) in optical density.

FIG. 5D presents a flow chart for a method 561 for monitoring and controlling an optical transition in an electrochromic device. The method starts at operations 563 and 565, which correspond to operations 503 and 505 of FIG. 5A. At 563, the controller or other appropriate logic receives instructions to undergo an optical transition. Then, at operation 565, the controller applies a drive voltage to the bus bars. After allowing the optical transition to proceed incrementally, the magnitude of the voltage applied to the bus bars is reduced to a probe voltage (which in some cases is the hold voltage, and in other cases is the hold voltage modified by an offset) at operation 567. Next at operation 569, the current response to the reduced applied voltage is measured.

Thus far, the method 561 of FIG. 5D is identical to the method 501 of FIG. 5A. However, the two methods diverge at this point in the process, with method 561 continuing at operation 570, where the total delivered charge or charge density is determined. The total delivered charge or charge density may be calculated based on the current delivered to the device during the optical transition, integrated over time. At operation 571, the relevant controller logic may determine whether the current response and total delivered charge or charge density each indicate that the optical transition is nearly complete. As explained above, the determination of whether an optical transition is nearly complete can be accomplished in various ways. For example, it may be determined by the current reaching a particular threshold, and by the delivered charge or charge density reaching a particular threshold. Both the current response and the total delivered charge or charge density must indicate that the transition is nearly complete before the method can continue on at operation 575, where the applied voltage is transitioned to or maintained at the hold voltage for the duration of the ending optical state. Assuming at least one of the current response and total delivered charge or charge density indicate that the optical transition is not yet nearly complete at operation 571, process control is directed to an operation denoted by reference number 573. In this operation, the applied voltage is returned to the magnitude of the drive voltage. Process control then loops back to operation 567 where the optical transition is allowed to proceed by a further increment before again dropping the magnitude of the applied voltage to the bus bars.

FIG. 5E presents an alternative method for monitoring and controlling an optical transition in an electrochromic device. The method starts at operations 583 and 585, which correspond to operations 503 and 505 of FIG. 5A. At 583, the controller or other appropriate logic receives instructions to undergo an optical transition. Then, at operation 585, the controller applies a drive voltage to the bus bars. After allowing the optical transition to proceed incrementally, open circuit conditions are applied to the device at operation 587. Next at operation 589, the open circuit voltage of the device is measured.

Thus far, the method 581 of FIG. 5E is identical to the method 541 of FIG. 5C. However, the two methods diverge at this point in the process, with method 581 continuing at operation 590, where the total delivered charge or charge density is determined. The total delivered charge or charge density may be calculated based on the current delivered to the device during the optical transition, integrated over time. At operation 591, the relevant controller logic may determine whether the open circuit voltage and total delivered charge or charge density each indicate that the optical transition is nearly complete. Both the open circuit voltage response and the total delivered charge or charge density must indicate that the transition is nearly complete before the method can continue on at operation 595, where the applied voltage is transitioned to or maintained at the hold voltage for the duration of the ending optical state. Assuming at least one of the open circuit voltage response and total delivered charge or charge density indicate that the optical transition is not yet nearly complete at operation 591, process control is directed to an operation denoted by reference number 593. In this operation, the applied voltage is returned to the magnitude of the drive voltage. Process control then loops back to operation 587 where the optical transition is allowed to proceed by a further increment before again applying open circuit conditions to the device. The method 581 of FIG. 5E is very similar to the method 561 of FIG. 5D. The principal difference between the two embodiments is that in FIG. 5D, the applied voltage drops and a current response is measured, whereas in FIG. 5E, open circuit conditions are applied and an open circuit voltage is measured.

FIG. 5F illustrates a flowchart for a related method 508 for controlling an optical transition in an electrochromic device. The method 508 of FIG. 5F is similar to the method 581 of FIG. 5E. The method 508 begins at operation 510 where the controller is turned on. Next, at operation 512, the open circuit voltage (V_(oc)) is read and the device waits for an initial command. By measuring V_(oc), the current optical state of the device can be determined, as described above. Because this optical state is the starting optical state for a transition to the next state, it can be beneficial to characterize this state before sending new commands to the device, thereby minimizing the risk of damaging the device. An initial command is received at operation 514, the command indicating that the window should switch to a different optical state. After the command is received, open circuit conditions are applied and the open circuit voltage is measured at operation 516. The amount of charge delivered (Q) may also be read at block 516. These parameters determine the direction of the transition (whether the window is supposed to get more tinted or more clear), and impact the optimal drive parameter. An appropriate drive parameter (e.g., drive voltage) is selected at operation 516. This operation may also involve revising the target charge count and target open circuit voltage, particularly in cases where an interrupt command is received, as discussed further below.

After the open circuit voltage is read at operation 516, the electrochromic device is driven for a period of time. The drive duration may be based on the busbar separation distance in some cases. In other cases, a fixed drive duration may be used, for example about 30 seconds. This driving operation may involve applying a drive voltage or current to the device. Operation 518 may also involve modifying a drive parameter based on the sensed open circuit voltage and/or charge count. Next, at operation 520, it is determined whether the total time of the transition (thus far) is less than a threshold time. Example threshold times may be about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, and any range between these examples, though other time periods may be used as appropriate. If it is determined that the total time of transition is not less than the threshold time (e.g., where the transition has taken at least 2 hours and is not yet complete), the controller may indicate that it is in a fault state at operation 530. This may indicate that something has caused an error in the transition process. Otherwise, where the total time of transition is determined to be less than the threshold time, the method continues at operation 522. Here, open circuit conditions are again applied, and the open circuit voltage is measured. At operation 524, it is determined whether the measured open circuit voltage is greater than or equal to the target voltage (in terms of magnitude). If so, the method continues at operation 526, where it is determined whether the charge count (Q) is greater than or equal to the target charge count. If the answer in either of operations 524 or 526 is no, the method returns to block 518 where the electrochromic device transition is driven for an additional drive duration. Where the answer in both of operations 524 and 526 is yes, the method continues at operation 528, where a hold voltage is applied to maintain the electrochromic device in the desired tint state. Typically, the hold voltage continues to be applied until a new command is received, or until a timeout is experienced.

When a new command is received after the transition is complete, the method may return to operation 516. Another event that can cause the method to return to operation 516 is receiving an interrupt command, as indicated in operation 532. An interrupt command may be received at any point in the method after an initial command is received at operation 514 and before the transition is essentially complete at operation 528. The controller should be capable of receiving multiple interrupt commands over a transition. One example interrupt command involves a user directing a window to change from a first tint state (e.g., fully clear) to a second tint state (e.g., fully tinted), then interrupting the transition before the second tint state is reached to direct the window to change to a third tint state (e.g., half tinted) instead of the second tint state. After receiving a new command or an interrupt command, the method returns to block 516 as indicated above. Here, open circuit conditions are applied and the open circuit voltage and charge count are read. Based on the open circuit voltage and charge count readings, as well as the desired third/final tint state, the controller is able to determine appropriate drive conditions (e.g., drive voltage, target voltage, target charge count, etc.) for reaching the third tint state. For instance, the open circuit voltage/charge count may be used to indicate in which direction the transition should occur. The charge count and charge target may also be reset after receiving a new command or an interrupt command. The updated charge count may relate to the charge delivered to move from the tint state when the new/interrupt command is received to the desired third tint state. Because the new command/interrupt command will change the starting and ending points of the transition, the target open circuit voltage and target charge count may need to be revised. This is indicated as an optional part of operation 516, and is particularly relevant where a new or interrupt command is received.

FIGS. 5G and 5H together describe an embodiment where an optically switchable device is controlled using a number of different modes depending on the type of task the device is undertaking. Three different modes of operation will be discussed with reference to these figures. In a first mode a controller associated with the window measures V_(oc) but does not monitor the amount of charge delivered to the device. In a second mode, the controller associated with the window measures V_(oc) and monitors the amount of charge delivered to the device. In a third mode, the controller associated with the window monitors the amount of charge delivered to the device, but does not measure V_(oc). The first mode is especially useful for controlling transitions from an unknown state (e.g., after power loss, first bootup) to a known end state. In some cases, an optically switchable device may default to this mode of operation after power loss or any case when the initial state of the window is unknown. The second mode is especially useful for controlling transitions between a known starting optical state and a known ending optical state. This mode may be used any time there is a transition between two known states that is uninterrupted. The third mode of operation may be especially useful for controlling optical transitions that begin during a previously ongoing optical transition (e.g., when an interrupt command is received). When an ongoing transition is interrupted in this way, the third mode may provide superior control over the transition compared to the other modes.

Returning to FIGS. 5G and 5H, it is noted that FIG. 5H presents operation 552 of FIG. 5G in greater detail. The method 540 begins with operation 542 where an initial command is received. The initial command instructs the device to change to a particular ending optical state, referred to in FIG. 5G as end state 1. Next, open circuit conditions are applied and the open circuit voltage (V_(oc)) is measured in operation 544. Measuring V_(oc) allows for the optical state of the device to be determined. This optical state corresponds to the starting optical state for the optical transition. During operation 544, the window is operating in the first mode mentioned above. Next, the initial drive parameter(s) are determined in operation 546. The drive parameters may be determined based, at least in part, on end state 1 and the starting optical state determined in operation 544. Often, the drive parameters relate to a voltage or current applied to the device, sometimes referred to as the drive voltage and drive current, respectively. At operation 548, the drive parameter(s) are applied to the device for a period of time and the optical transition begins.

Next, it is determined whether an interrupt command has been received in operation 550. In some cases this may be actively checked, while in other cases this determination may be made passively (e.g., the window/controller may not actively check whether a command has been received, but rather, the window/controller may take action with respect to the interrupt command when such a command has been received, i.e., the controller/window may automatically respond to an interrupt command). An interrupt command is one that is received while a previous optical transition is ongoing, and directs the device to undergo a transition to a state other than end state 1. An interrupt command may be used to cause the device to transition to a different ending optical state, referred to as end state 2. End state 2 may be more or less tinted than end state 1 (where the optically switchable device is an electrochromic device, for example). In a simple case, end state 2 may be the starting optical state, in which case the interrupt command essentially cancels the ongoing transition and causes the device to return to its starting optical state.

In the example of FIGS. 5G and 5H, the previous ongoing transition is the transition to end state 1 from the starting optical state determined in operation 544. The interrupt command instructs the device to instead undergo a second transition, this time to end state 2. Where an interrupt command has been received, the method 540 continues with operation 552, where the device transitions to end state 2. Operation 552 is explained in further detail in FIG. 5H.

In cases where no interrupt command has been received in operation 550, the method 540 continues at operation 554. Here, the device may be probed to evaluate how far along the optical transition has progressed. In this example, operation 554 involves applying open circuit conditions and measuring the open circuit voltage (V_(oc)). This operation also involves monitoring the amount of charge delivered to the device, referred to as the Q_(count). The total delivered charge or charge density may be monitored in some cases. At operation 556, it is determined whether V_(oc) has reached V_(target). This typically involves comparing the magnitude of V_(oc) to the magnitude of V_(target). The value of V_(oc) may increase or decrease over time, depending on the transition. As such, the term “reach” (for example as used in relation to V_(oc) reaching V_(target)) may mean that the magnitude of V_(oc) should reach a value that is equal to or greater than the magnitude of V_(target), or that the magnitude of V_(oc) should reach a value that is equal to or less than the magnitude of V_(target). Those of ordinary skill in the art understand how to determine which condition to use based on the transition that is occurring. If the magnitude of V_(oc) reaches the magnitude of the target voltage, the method continues with operation 558, where the charge delivered to the device (the Q_(count) is compared to target charge count (Q_(target)). If the amount of charge delivered to the device reaches or exceeds Q_(target), the optical transition is complete and the device has reached end state 1, at which point a hold voltage may be applied as shown in operation 560.

In cases where the magnitude of V_(oc) has not reached V_(target) in operation 556, and/or where the Q_(count) has not reached Q_(target) in operation 558, the method instead continues at operation 548, where the drive parameter(s) are applied to the device to drive the optical transition for an additional duration. During operations 546, 548, 550, 554, 556, and 558 (particularly 554, 556, and 558), the window/controller may be understood to be operating in the second mode mentioned above (where both V_(oc) and charge count are taken into account).

Turning to FIG. 5H, operation 552 (transition device to end state 2) may be undertaken using a number of steps, as shown. At operation 562, while transitioning to end state 1, an interrupt command is received that indicates that the device should instead transition to end state 2. Based on this command, the window/controller may switch into a particular mode of operation, such as the third mode described above where the feedback for controlling the transition is based primarily on the amount of charge delivered to the device. At operation 576, it is determined how much charge has been delivered to the device (Q_(count)) during the transition from the starting state toward end state 1. This Q_(count) indicates how far along the first transition had proceeded, and also provides an indication/estimate of what the current optical state of the window is likely to be. Next, at operation 564, a second Q_(target) is determined based on end state 2. This second Q_(target) may correlate to an amount of charge that would be appropriate for delivering to the device to cause the device to transition from the starting optical state (before the transition toward end state 1) to end state 2. In such cases, the Q_(count) may be counted cumulatively from the beginning of the first transition toward end state 1, all the way through the transition to end state 2. In a similar embodiment, the second Q_(target) may correlate to an amount of charge that would be appropriate for delivering to the device to cause the device to transition from its instantaneous optical state (e.g., the optical state at the point in time when the interrupt command is received in operation 562) to end state 2. In these cases, the Q_(count) may be reset at the time when the interrupt command is received. In some such cases, the instantaneous optical state of the device may be inferred based on the Q_(count) delivered while transitioning toward end state 1. For the purpose of FIG. 5H, it is assumed that the first method is used and Q_(count) is measured cumulatively from the beginning of the first transition toward end state 1.

Next, at operation 566, updated drive parameter(s) are determined for driving the device toward end state 2. In particular, the polarity and magnitude of the drive parameter(s) may be determined, for example a drive voltage or drive current. The updated drive parameter(s) may be determined based on the second Q_(target) and the Q_(count) delivered during the transition from the starting state toward end state 1. In other words, the updated drive parameter(s) are determined based on the new target optical state (end state 2) and how far along the first transition was before it was interrupted. These determinations are further described with reference to FIG. 5I, described below. At operation 568, the updated drive parameter(s) are applied to the device and the optical transition toward end state 2 is driven for a period of time. During this operation, the amount of charge delivered to the device (Q_(count)) may be monitored, either continuously or periodically. At operation 572, it is determined whether the Q_(count) has reached the second Q_(target). This determination depends, at least in part, on whether or not the optical transition changed direction as a result of the interrupt command, as explained further in relation to FIG. 5I. Where the Q_(count) has not reached the second Q_(target), the method returns to operation 568, where the drive parameter(s) are applied and the device is driven toward end state 2 for an additional duration. Once the Q_(count) reaches the second Q_(target), the second optical transition is complete, and a hold voltage may be applied to maintain end state 2.

Various steps presented in FIGS. 5G and 5H (as well as other flowcharts herein) may be done at a different point in time compared to what is shown in the figures. This is particularly true when several measurements and/or determinations are made at once. In such instances, the relevant operations may be done in any available order.

FIG. 5I presents a number of graphs describing aspects of several optical transitions for a single optically switchable device, including transitions that occur as a result of an interrupt command. The topmost curve depicts the % Transmission through the electrochromic window at the center of the device over time. Four different optical states, Tint₁-Tint₄, are labeled on the x-axis, each corresponding to a different tint level. Tint₁ is the least tinted state and Tint₄ is the most tinted state. The second curve depicts Q_(count) and Q_(target) over time. The third curve depicts V_(oc) and V_(target) (the target open circuit voltage) over time. The fourth and bottommost curve depicts the set point voltage over time.

At time T₁, a command to undergo a first optical transition is received and the device begins to transition to this end state. In this example, the electrochromic device has a starting optical state of Tint₁ at time T₁. Further, the command received at time T₁ instructs the device to change to end state 1, which corresponds to Tint₄. In response to the command received at time T₁, the window/controller determines a Q_(target) and a V_(target) appropriate for transitioning from the starting state to end state 1 (from Tint₁ to Tint₄). The transition may be probed and monitored as described herein, for example by applying open circuit conditions, measuring the V_(oc), and comparing to V_(target), as well as by monitoring the charge delivered to the device (Q_(count)) and comparing it to Q_(target). However, before this optical transition is complete, a second command is received at time T₂. The command received at T₂ instructs the window to undergo a different optical transition (referred to herein as the second optical transition) to a different end state, end state 2, which corresponds to Tint₃. In other words, at time T₂, it is determined that instead of transitioning all the way to end state 1, Tint₄, the window should instead transition to a lesser degree of tint, to end state 2, Tint₃.

At time T₂ when this command is made, the device is at an instantaneous optical state of Tint₂. Because the instantaneous optical state of the window at time T₂ is between the starting optical state and end state 2 (between Tint₁ and Tint₃), the optical transition will continue in the same direction (i.e., the polarity of the drive parameter(s) will be the same as used during the transition toward end state 1 at Tint₄). Also at time T₂, the target open circuit voltage (V_(target)) becomes irrelevant for the duration of the optical transition to end state 2 at Tint₃. The target open circuit voltage is no longer considered because at this point, the window/controller is operating under the third mode described above, which primarily takes into account the charge delivered to the device, and not the open circuit voltage. FIG. 5I shows the target open circuit voltage returning to 0 at time T₂, though it should be understood that V_(oc) and V_(target) are simply not being considered during the subsequent time period (until a new command is received at time T₃, that is).

As explained in relation to operation 564 in FIG. 5H, a second Q_(target) is determined at time T₂, with the second Q_(target) being the amount of charge appropriate for transitioning from the starting optical state (Tint₁) to end state 2 (Tint₃). As shown in the plot of Q&Q_(target) vs. time in FIG. 5I, the magnitude of the second Q_(target) is significantly lower than the magnitude of the first Q_(target), since the device is not transitioning as completely when going to end state 2 (Tint₃) vs. end state 1 (Tint₄). This optical transition then proceeds until the Q_(count) reaches the second Q_(target), at which point the second optical transition is complete and a hold voltage may be applied to maintain the device at end state 2 (Tint₃).

Next, at time T₃, a command is received directing the device to undergo another optical transition (referred to herein as the third optical transition). This command instructs the window to switch to a new end state, end state 3, at Tint. The drive parameters, as well as the target open circuit voltage (V_(target)) and target charge count (Q_(target)), may be determined as described herein, for example based on the starting optical state of the device (Tint₃) and the ending optical state of the device, end state 3 (Tint₁). This transition may be probed/monitored as described herein, for example by measuring V_(oc) and comparing to V_(target), and by monitoring Q_(count) and comparing to Q_(target). The third optical transition completes without receiving any interrupt commands. Thus, this transition is deemed to be complete once V_(oc) reaches V_(target), and once Q_(count) reaches Q_(target).

Then, at time T₄ a new command is received directing the device to undergo another optical transition (referred to herein as the fourth optical transition). For this transition, the starting optical state is Tint₁, and the ending optical state, end state 4, is at Tint₄. Because this transition is between the same starting and ending states as the first optical transition, the same drive parameters, V_(target), and Q_(target) may be used. The optical transition may be probed/monitored as described herein, for example by monitoring V_(oc) and comparing to V_(target) and by monitoring Q_(count) and comparing to Q_(target).

Before the fourth optical transition is complete, a new command is received at time T₅ directing the device to undergo a different optical transition (referred to herein as the fifth optical transition) to a different end state, end state 5 at Tint₃. The command received at time T₅, like the one received at time T₂, is an interrupt command (since it directs the device to undergo a different optical transition while a previous optical transition is still occurring). Based on this new command at T₅, a new Q_(target) can be determined as described above. Similarly, V_(target) may be ignored and V_(oc) may not be measured for the duration of the fifth optical transition, as described above with reference to the second optical transition.

The interrupt command received at T₅ affects the control method slightly differently than the interrupt command received at T₂ because the fourth optical transition was substantially further along at time T₅ than the second optical transition was at time T₂. At time T₅, the device has already gone past end state 5 (Tint₃). In other words, the instantaneous optical state of the device, when the interrupt command was received, was not between the starting optical state (Tint₁) and the new desired ending state, end state 5 (Tint₃). Whereas the transition keeps occurring in the same direction at time T₂ (such that the polarity of the drive parameters is the same when comparing the first and second transitions), the opposite is true at time T₅ (such that the polarity of the drive parameters is different when comparing the fourth and fifth transitions). As shown in the lowermost graph depicting the setpoint voltage, V_(setpoint) changes from negative to positive at time T₅. By comparison, at time T₂, the magnitude of V_(setpoint) decreases, but the polarity remains negative. Similarly, at time T₅ the charge passed to the device switches directions on the graph, heading up toward 0. This switch happens because current is flowing in the opposite direction within the device than was occurring during the fourth optical transition.

Because the interrupt command caused a switch in the direction/polarity between the fourth and fifth optical transitions, the determination of whether the charge delivered to the device (Q_(count)) has reached Q_(target) is made somewhat differently. Whereas the second optical transition is considered complete when the magnitude of the Q_(count) is greater than or equal to the magnitude of Q_(target), the fifth optical transition is considered complete when the magnitude of the Q_(count) is less than or equal to the magnitude of Q_(target). Therefore, as used herein, the term “reach” (for example as used in relation to determining whether the Q_(count) has reached Q_(target)) may mean that the magnitude of Q_(count) should reach a value greater than the magnitude of Q_(target), or that the magnitude of Q_(count) should reach a value less than the magnitude of Q_(target). Those of ordinary skill in the art are capable of determining which condition should be used based on whether the instantaneous optical state of the device at the time the interrupt command is received is between the starting optical state and the new desired ending state.

FIG. 5J provides a flowchart for an alternative method 580 for controlling an optical transition. The method presented in FIG. 5J promotes faster switching times while ensuring that the device is operated within safe limits. Briefly, the method of FIG. 5J achieves a dynamic drive voltage that is selected based on the open circuit voltage and a comparison of the open circuit voltage to the maximum effective safe voltage for the device. Many current driving algorithms use preset voltage drives that are sufficiently low to avoid damaging the device. Such damage typically occurs as a result of overdriving the edges of the device. The effective voltage on the device increases over time based on the drive voltage chosen and the ramp rate used to transition to the drive voltage. The majority of the time, the device is well below the safe voltage limit for operation. However, these current driving algorithms result in slower-than-optimal switching speeds. Faster switching can be attained by driving the device at a drive voltage that is closer to the safe voltage limit during a greater proportion of the switch time. However, with such methods, care should be taken to ensure that the drive voltage does not exceed safe limits for the device.

Improved switching speed can be achieved by using the method 580 shown in FIG. 5J. In this method, the open circuit voltage (V_(oc)) is essentially used as a proxy for the maximum safe effective voltage (V_(safe)). In cases where V_(safe) is known (e.g., through empirical testing or other methods available to those of skill in the art), the drive voltage can be periodically increased until V_(oc) approaches or reaches V_(safe). By operating with V_(oc) at or near the upper limit of V_(safe), the speed of the optical transition can be maximized while ensuring safe operation. One result of this method is that the magnitude of the applied voltage is initially high and reduces over time.

The method 580 begins at operation 582 where the drive voltage is applied to bus bars of the optically switchable device. This drive voltage may be determined based on the starting optical state and ending optical state for the optical transition. Next, at operation 584, open circuit conditions are applied and the open circuit voltage (V_(oc)) is measured. Next, at operation 586, it is determined whether V_(oc) has reached V_(target). V_(target) relates to a target open circuit voltage as described herein. Assuming that this condition is met, the method continues at operation 588, where it is determined whether the amount of charge delivered to the device (Q_(count)) has reached the target charge count for the transition (Q_(target)). Q_(target) may be determined as described herein. Assuming this condition is met, the transition is complete and the hold voltage may be applied to maintain the ending optical state in operation 598. If it is determined that either V_(oc) has not reached V_(target) or that Q_(count) has not reached Q_(target), the transition is not yet complete, and the method continues at operation 594. Here, the magnitude of V_(oc) is compared to the magnitude of V_(safe). If the magnitude of V_(oc) is greater than V_(safe), the method continues at operation 596 where the drive voltage is decreased to prevent damage to the device. If the magnitude of V_(oc) is less than V_(safe), the method continues at operation 597 where the drive voltage is increased. In either case, the drive voltage is applied for an additional duration as the method returns to operation 582. In certain implementations of the method 580, the value used for V_(safe) may include a buffer as described herein to ensure that the drive voltage never exceeds a value that could result in damage to the device.

FIG. 5K illustrates a flowchart for a method of transitioning a plurality of optically switchable devices, and will be explained in the context of the group of optically switchable devices shown in FIG. 10 . The method described in FIG. 5K is particularly useful when it is desired that each optically switchable device in a group of optically switchable devices transitions over approximately the same duration and visually their tint states approximate each other over the transition period.

Generally speaking, optically switchable devices that are smaller (e.g., devices that have a smaller bus bar separation distance) transition more quickly than larger optically switchable devices. As used herein, the terms “small,” “large,” and similar descriptors used with respect to the size of an optically switchable device refer to the distance between the bus bars. In this respect, a 14″×120″ device having a bus bar separation distance of approximately 14″ is considered smaller than a 20″×20″ device having a bus bar separation distance of approximately 20″, even though the 20″×20″ device has a larger area.

This difference in switching time is due to sheet resistance in transparent conductor layers within the devices. Given the same transparent conductor layers with a given sheet resistance, a larger window will take more time to switch than a smaller window. In another example, some windows may have improved transparent conductor layers, e.g., having lower sheet resistance than other windows in the group. Methods described herein provide approximate tint state (optical density) matching during transition of a group of windows that have different switching speeds among the group of windows. That is, slower switching windows in a group may not necessarily be larger windows. For the purposes of this discussion, an example is provided where all windows of a group of windows have the same optical device characteristics, and thus larger windows switch more slowly than smaller windows in the group.

With reference to FIG. 10 , small optically switchable devices 1090 are expected to transition more quickly than large optically switchable device 1091. Thus, when a group of windows of different sizes transition together, using similar switching algorithms (e.g., similar I/V parameters), the smaller devices finish transitioning first, while the larger devices take additional time to transition. This difference in switching time can be undesirable in certain implementations.

The method 1000 of FIG. 5K starts at operation 1002, where a command is received to transition a group of optically switchable devices to an ending optical state. In this example, the group includes a large (e.g., 60″) optically switchable device 1091 that transitions relatively slowly, and several smaller (e.g., 15″) optically switchable devices 1090 that transition relatively quickly. In this embodiment, it is desired that all of the optically switchable devices 1090 and 1091 transition over the same time period, for aesthetic purposes. Since the larger window takes the most time to switch, the switching time for the group of windows will be based on the slowest transitioning window in the group. Operation 1004 therefore involves determining the switching time for the slowest transitioning optically switchable device in the group. Often, this is the device with the largest bus bar separation distance. The optical transitions of the faster transitioning devices 1090 can be tailored to match the switching time of the slowest transitioning device 1091. Operation 1004 may be completed whenever a group or zone of optically switchable devices is defined, where it is expected that the group or zone of optically switchable devices will transition together as a group.

In operation 1005, the slowest optically switchable device 1091 is transitioned to the ending optical state. This transition may be monitored using any of the methods described herein. In some cases, operation 1005 involves repeatedly probing the slowest optically switchable device 1091 during its transition (e.g., using a particular V_(app) and measuring a current response, or applying open circuit conditions and measuring V_(oc), and/or measuring/monitoring an amount of charge or charge density delivered to the optically switchable device) to determine when the slowest optically switchable device 1091 has reached or is nearing the ending optical state).

Operation 1006 involves transitioning the faster optically switchable devices 1090 toward the ending optical state, with the objective of approximating the tint state of the slower window(s) during transition. Operations 1005 and 1006 typically begin simultaneously (or nearly simultaneously). Before the faster optically switchable devices 1090 reach the ending optical state, the optical transition of the faster optically switchable devices 1090 is paused for a duration at operation 1008. This pause increases the time it takes for the faster optically switchable devices 1090 to reach the ending optical state. The duration of the pause may be based on the difference in switching times between the faster optically switchable devices 1090 and the slowest optically switchable devices 1091. The tint states of the faster and slower switching windows are approximately matched during the transition. The pause(s) allow the slower switching window to catch up with the faster switching windows, e.g., or the pauses are timed and chosen of sufficient duration such that it appears that the tint states of the slower (in this example, large) and faster (in this example, small) windows display approximately the same optical density throughout the transition.

After the pause in operation 1008, the method continues with operation 1010 where the optical transitions on the faster optically switchable devices 1090 are resumed such that the faster optically switchable devices 1090 continue to transition toward the ending optical state. Operations 1008 and 1010 may be repeated any number of times (e.g., 0<n<∞). Generally speaking, using a greater number of pauses will result in transitions where the different optically switchable devices more closely match one another (in terms of optical density at a given time). However, above a certain number of pauses, any additional tint matching benefit between the faster switching devices and the slower switching devices becomes negligible and there is little or no benefit to including additional pauses. In certain embodiments, a faster switching optically switchable device may pause 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 times during an optical transition in order to match the switching speed of a slower transitioning optically switchable device. In some cases, a faster switching optically switchable device may pause at least twice, or at least three times, during its transition. In these or other cases, a faster switching optically switchable device may pause a maximum of about 20 times, or a maximum of about 10 times, during its transition. The number, duration, and timing of the pauses can be determined automatically each time a group of optically switchable devices is defined, and/or each time a group of optically switchable devices is instructed to simultaneously undergo a particular transition. The calculation may be made based on the characteristics of the optically switchable devices in the group, e.g., the switching time (without pauses) for each device in the group, the difference in the switching times for the different devices in the group, the number of devices in the group, the starting and ending optical states for the transition, the peak power available to the devices in the group, etc. in certain embodiments, determining the number, duration, and/or timing of the pauses may be done using a look-up table based on one or more of these criteria.

In one example where the slowest optically switchable device 1091 switches in about 35 minutes, the faster optically switchable devices 1090 switch in about 5 minutes, and a single pause is used, operation 1006 may involve transitioning the faster optically switchable devices 1090 for a duration of about 2.5 minutes (e.g., one half of the expected transition time for the faster optically switchable devices 1090), operation 1008 may involve pausing the optical transition of the faster optically switchable devices 1090 for a duration of about 30 minutes, and operation 1010 may involve continuing to transition the faster optically switchable devices 1090 for a duration of about 2.5 minutes. Thus, the total transition time for both the slowest optically switchable device 1091 and for the faster optically switchable devices 1090 is 35 minutes. Generally, more pauses are used so as to approximate the tint state of the larger window(s) during the entire transition of the larger window(s).

In another example where the slowest optically switchable device 1091 switches in about 35 minutes, the faster optically switchable devices 1090 switch in about 5 minutes, and four pauses (e.g., n=4) are used during transition of the faster optically switchable devices 1090, operation 1006 and each iteration of operation 1010 may involve driving the optical transitions on the faster optically switchable devices 1090 for a duration of about 1 minute, and each iteration of operation 1008 may involve pausing such transitions for a duration of about 7.5 minutes. After the five transition periods at 1 minute each and the four pauses at 7.5 minutes each, the total transition time for each optically switchable window is 35 minutes.

As described in relation to the slowest optically switchable device 1091 in operation 1005, the optical transitions on the faster optically switchable devices 1090 may be monitored using any of the methods described herein. For instance, operations 1006 and/or 1010 may involve repeatedly probing the faster optically switchable devices 1090 (e.g., using a particular V_(app) and measuring a current response, or applying open circuit conditions and measuring V_(oc), and/or measuring/monitoring an amount of charge or charge density delivered to the optically switchable device) to determine whether the faster optically switchable devices 1090 have reached or are nearing the ending optical state. In some embodiments, the method that is used to monitor the optical transition on the slowest optically switchable device1091 is the same as the method used to monitor the optical transition on one or more faster optically switchable devices 1090. In some embodiments, the method used to monitor the optical transition on the slowest optically switchable device 1091 is different from the method used to monitor the optical transition on one or more faster optically switchable devices 1090.

Regardless of whether or how the different optical transitions are monitored, the method continues with operation 1012, where a hold voltage is applied to each optically switchable device. The hold voltage may be applied in response to a determination that a relevant optically switchable device has reached or is nearing the ending optical state. In other cases, the hold voltage may be applied based on known switching times for a particular window or group of windows, without regard to any feedback measured during the transitions. The hold voltage may be applied to each optically switchable device as it reaches or nears the ending optical state. The hold voltage may be applied to each optically switchable device at the same time, or within a relatively short period of time (e.g., within about 1 minute, or within about 5 minutes).

A particular example where feedback is used to monitor the optical transitions and determine when to apply the hold voltage to each optically switchable device is shown in FIG. 5L. The method 1020 is explained in the context of the group of windows shown in FIG. 10 , which includes large optically switchable device 1091 (which is the slowest transitioning device in the group) and several small optically switchable devices 1090 (which are the faster transitioning devices in the group). The method 1020 of FIG. 5L shares many features/operations in common with method 1000 of FIG. 5K. The method 1020 begins with operation 1002, where a command is received to transition the group of optically switchable devices to an ending optical state. Next, at operation 1004 the switching time for the slowest optically switchable device 1091 in the group is determined. This switching time will be the target switching time for all the optically switchable devices in the group.

At operation 1005, the slowest optically switchable device 1091 is transitioned to the ending optical state. In this embodiment, operation 1005 involves a few particular steps to monitor the optical transition on the slowest optically switchable device 1091. These steps are presented within the dotted box labeled 1005. Specifically, after the slowest optically switchable device 1091 transitions for a period of time (e.g., after applying V_(drive) for a duration), open circuit conditions are applied to the slowest optically switchable device 1091 and the open circuit voltage, V_(oc), of the slowest optically switchable device 1091 is measured in operation 1005 a. Operation 1005 a is analogous to operations 587 and 589 of FIG. 5E, for example. In operation 1005 b, the charge (or relatedly, the charge density) delivered to the slowest optically switchable device 1091 over the course of the optical transition is determined. Operation 1005 b is analogous to operation 590 in FIG. 5E. In operation 1005 c, it is determined whether the V_(oc) and the charge (or charge density) delivered to the slowest optically switchable device over the course of the transition both indicate that the optical transition is nearly complete. Operation 1005 c is analogous to operation 591 in FIG. 5E. The determination may be made by comparing the magnitude of the measured V_(oc) to a target V_(oc) (sometimes this target is referred to as V_(target)), and by comparing the charge or charge density delivered to a target charge or target charge density. Where both the V_(oc) and the delivered charge (or charge density) indicate that the optical transition on the largest optically switchable device 1091 is complete or nearly complete, the method continues with operation 1012, where the hold voltage is applied to the largest optically switchable device 1091. If either the V_(oc) or the charge/charge density indicate that the transition is not yet nearing completion, the method continues with operation 1005 d, where the applied voltage on the largest optically switchable device 1091 is increased back to the drive voltage and the transition on the largest optically switchable device 1091 continues for an additional duration. Operations 1005 a-1005 d may be repeated a number of times, as needed.

While the largest/slowest optically switchable device 1091 is transitioning in operation 1005, the faster optically switchable devices 1090 are transitioning, as well. Specifically, in operation 1006, the faster optically switchable devices 1090 are transitioned toward the ending optical state. However, before the faster optically switchable devices 1090 reach the ending optical state, the transitions on the faster optically switchable devices 1090 are paused for a duration in operation 1008. As explained above, the pausing lengthens the switching time for the smaller/faster optically switchable devices 1090 such that they can match the switching time of the larger/slower optically switchable device 1091.

Next, in operation 1010, the faster optically switchable devices 1090 continue transitioning toward the ending optical state. In this example, operation 1010 involves particular steps to monitor the transitions on the faster optically switchable devices 1090. These steps are presented within the dotted box labeled 1010. In particular, operation 1010 a involves determining the charge (or charge density) delivered to each of the faster optically switchable devices 1090 during the transition. In operation 1010 b, it is determined whether the delivered charge (or charge density) indicates that the optical transition on each of the faster optically switchable devices 1090 is complete or nearly complete. This may involve comparing the charge (or charge density) delivered to each of the faster optically switchable devices 1090 to a target charge or target charge density. Advantageously, pausing the transitions as described herein does not substantially affect the target charge or charge density. As such, target charges and charge densities configured or calibrated for particular transitions do not need to be modified to accommodate the pauses. Similarly, the drive voltage (as well as other switching parameters such as ramp-to-drive rate and ramp-to-hold rate) does not need to be modified in order to accommodate the pauses. Each of the faster optically switchable devices 1090 may be considered individually in operation 1010 b. In cases where the delivered charge or charge density indicates that the relevant optical transition is not yet complete or nearly complete, the method continues with operation 1010 c, where the drive voltage is continued to be applied to the faster optically switchable devices 1090. Operation 1010 c may be carried out on an individual basis. In other words, the drive voltage may continue to be applied to any optically switchable device that still requires application of additional drive voltage. Operations 1008 and 1010 may be repeated any number of times. The duration of the pauses, as well as the number of pauses, can be tailored such that all of the optically switchable devices in the group transition over approximately the same total time period and display approximately the same tint states over the course of the transition.

When the delivered charge (or charge density) indicates that the transition on a particular faster optically switchable device 1090 is complete or nearly complete, the hold voltage may be applied to the relevant faster optically switchable device 1090 in operation 1012. The hold voltage may be applied to each optically switchable device individually, without regard to whether the hold voltage is being applied to other optically switchable devices in the group. Typically, the duration and number of pauses used during the transitions of the faster optically switchable devices 1090 can be chosen such that the hold voltage is applied to each optically switchable device at approximately the same time, or over a short period of time. This ensures that the switching time for all the windows in the group is substantially the same, resulting in a visually appealing transition. In some embodiments, the duration of one or more of the pauses (in some cases all of the pauses) may be at least about 30 seconds, at least about 1 minute, at least about 3 minutes, at least about 5 minutes, or at least about 10 minutes. Generally, shorter pauses can be used when the number of pauses increases (for a given group of optically switchable devices).

FIG. 5M illustrates another method 1030 for transitioning a group of optically switchable devices, where the group includes at least one relatively larger/slower device and at least one relatively smaller/faster device. Like the methods described in FIGS. 5K and 5L, the method of FIG. 5M is described in the context of the group of optically switchable devices shown in FIG. 10 . The method 1030 begins at operation 1031, where a command is received to transition the group of optically switchable devices to an ending optical state. In this example, the ending optical state is referred to as Tint₄. At operation 1033, it is determined which device in the group has the slowest switching time (in FIG. 10 this will be device 1091). This device will determine the switching time for the group of optically switchable devices. At operation 1034, the slowest optically switchable device 1091 in the group is transitioned to the ending optical state (Tint₄). While the slowest optically switchable device 1091 is transitioning toward the ending optical state (Tint₄), the faster optically switchable devices 1090 transition to a first intermediate optical state (Tint₂) in operation 1035. Next, at operation 1037, the faster optically switchable devices 1090 are maintained at the first intermediate optical state (Tint₂) for a duration. Next, the faster optically switchable devices 1090 are transitioned to a second intermediate optical state (Tint₃) in operation 1039, and this second intermediate optical state (Tint₃) is maintained for a duration in operation 1041. Then, in operation 1043 the faster optically switchable devices 1090 are transitioned to the ending optical state (Tint₄). At operation 1045, a hold voltage is applied to each optically switchable device as it reaches or nears the ending optical state. Often, the durations over which the intermediate optical states are maintained can be selected to ensure that all of the optically switchable devices reach the ending optical state at approximately the same time (e.g., within about 1 minute, or within about 2 minutes, or within about 5 minutes, or within about 10 minutes, or within about 15 minutes in various cases). The exact timing of when each optically switchable device reaches the ending optical state may be less important than ensuring that the optical states of the different optically switchable devices in the group are approximately matching one another throughout the transition. In some embodiments, all the optically switchable devices in the group may display approximately the same optical state/tint level throughout the transition. In some implementations, the optical density of the slowest optically switchable device may be within about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, or 0.5 of the optical density of the faster optically switchable devices in the group, at all points in time during the transition. In other words, the difference in optical density between the slowest optically switchable device and the faster optically switchable devices in the group may be about 0.5 or less, 0.4 or less, 0.3 or less, 0.2 or less, or 0.1 or less, at all points in time during the transition. In some embodiments, the maximum difference in optical density between the slowest optically switchable device and the faster optically switchable devices in the group, over the course of the entire transition, may be between about 0.1-0.5, or between about 0.1-0.4, or between about 0.2-0.3. The optical density mentioned here refers to the optical density at the center of each optically switchable device at a given point in time.

While the method 1030 of FIG. 5M describes three active transitioning periods (operations 1035, 1039, and 1043) resulting in two intermediate optical states for the faster optically switchable devices 1090, any number of transitioning periods and intermediate optical states can be used. While operations 1037 and 1041 are described in terms of maintaining the faster optically switchable devices at particular intermediate optical states, it is understood that the optical state of the faster optically switchable devices may be slowly changing over the course of these operations. Further details are provided below.

Any of the methods described herein can be used to monitor any of the transitions described in FIG. 5M (e.g., during operations 1034, 1035, 1039, and 1043). In one embodiment, the method of FIG. 5E may be used to monitor one or more of these transitions. Generally speaking, the method 1030 of FIG. 5M is similar to the methods 1000 and 1020 of FIGS. 5K and 5L. The pausing periods described in relation to FIGS. 5K and 5L are similar to the periods during which an intermediate optical state is maintained in FIG. 5M.

One difference between these methods may be the way in which the optical transitions are defined and monitored. For instance, in some embodiments of FIG. 5K or 5L, the determination of when to apply the hold voltage to each of the faster optically switchable devices may be made based on data related to the full optical transition from the starting optical state (e.g., at operation 1002) to the ending optical state. By contrast, in some embodiments of FIG. 5M, the determination of when to apply the hold voltage to each of the faster optically switchable devices may be made based on data related to the optical transition from the last intermediate optical state (e.g., Tint₃ in FIG. 5M) to the ending optical state (e.g., Tint₄ in FIG. 5M).

Relatedly, in some embodiments of FIG. 5M, each individual transition (e.g., from the starting optical state→Tint₂, Tint₂→Tint₃, and Tint₃→Tint₄) on the faster optically switchable devices can be monitored based on data related to the particular starting and ending optical states for each individual transition. In the methods of FIGS. 5K and 5L, there may not be any need to actively monitor all of the individual portions of the transition. In various embodiments of FIGS. 5K and 5L, the transition may be monitored only during the final transitioning period (e.g., the transitioning period after the final pause). The ending points of the earlier (non-final) portions of the transition may be determined based solely on timing (which may be selected based on the factors described above), without regard to feedback.

In various embodiments, the optically switchable devices may be provided together on a network. In some cases, a communication network may be used to control the various optically switchable devices. In one example, a master controller may communicate with one or more network controllers, which may each communicate with one or more window controllers. Each window controller may control one or more individual optically switchable devices. An example communication network, including the different types of controllers, is described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/248,181, filed Oct. 29, 2015, and titled “CONTROLLERS FOR OPTICALLY-SWITCHABLE DEVICES,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The methods described herein may be implemented on a window controller, a network controller, and/or a master controller, as desired for a particular application. In some embodiments, a master controller and/or network controller may be used to assess the parameters/switching characteristics of all the optically switchable devices in the group or zone, in order to determine, e.g., which optically switchable device transitions slowest, and target switching time for the group. The master controller and/or network controller may determine the switching parameters that should be used (e.g., ramp-to-drive rate, drive voltage, ramp-to-hold rate, hold voltage, number of pauses, duration of pauses, intermediate optical states, etc.) for each optically switchable device in the group. The master controller and/or network controller may then provide these switching parameters (or some subset thereof) to the window controllers, which may then implement the transition on each optically switchable device as appropriate.

While the methods described in FIGS. 5K-5M are presented in the context of FIG. 10 where one large optically switchable device 1091 is surrounded by a number of smaller optically switchable devices 1090 of equal size, the methods are not so limited. Generally, the methods described in FIGS. 5K-5M are useful any time there is a group of optically switchable devices that transition at two or more different rates/transition times, where it is desired that every optically switchable device in the group transitions over substantially the same time period.

In many cases, the group of optically switchable devices will include at least one optically switchable device that is relatively smaller and transitions faster, and at least one optically switchable device that is relatively larger and transitions slower. The total switching time is chosen to approximate the switching time for the slowest optically switchable device in the group. The group may include optically switchable devices having a number of different sizes/switching times. The number and duration of the pauses for each window can be selected independently as described herein to ensure that all of the optically switchable devices reach the ending optical state at approximately the same time. For instance, in one embodiment the group of optically switchable devices includes two 60″ devices, two 30″ devices, four 14″ devices, and one 12″ device. In this example, the largest/slowest optically switchable devices (which will determine the total switching time for the group) are the two 60″ devices, which may transition without any pauses. The two 30″ devices may each transition using a single pause (n=1), the four 14″ devices may each transition using two pauses (n=2), and the 12″ device may transition using three pauses (n=3). The number and duration of pauses may be the same or different for various optically switchable devices in the group.

The different optically switchable devices in the group may or may not start at the same starting optical states, and may or may not end at the same ending optical states. While the methods are particularly useful in cases where it is desired to approximately match the tint states over the different devices over the course of a transition, the methods may also be used in cases where the absolute tint state of each device is unimportant. In some such cases, it may be desirable to match tinting times across different devices, even if it is not important to match the tinting states across the different devices.

In some embodiments, it is desirable to stagger the active transitions/pauses among the different optically switchable devices such that the peak power provided to the group of optically switchable devices is minimized. This minimization of peak power maximizes the number of optically switchable devices that can be provided along a particular portion of a power distribution network used to route power to the optically switchable devices, and may avoid the need to use higher rated (e.g., class 1, as opposed to class 2) hardware (e.g., power supplies, cabling, etc.) that may be more costly.

For example, if all of the faster optically switchable devices actively transition and pause their optical transitions at the same time, the power drawn by the group of devices will substantially decrease during the pause. When the pause is over, the power drawn by the group of devices will substantially increase (since all of the devices are being driven simultaneously). Conversely, if the active transitions and pauses are staggered in time such that some of the faster optically switchable devices continue to actively transition while others pause, this substantial increase in power can be avoided, and the power delivered to the group of optically switchable devices can be more uniform over time. The staggering may be accomplished by dividing the faster optically switchable devices into sub-groups. Within the sub-groups, the optically switchable devices may actively transition/pause together. Between different sub-groups, the optically switchable devices may actively transition/pause at different times. The sub-groups may be as small as an individual optically switchable device.

In the context of FIG. 10 , for example, the faster optically switchable devices 1090 may be broken into three sub-groups (e.g., the left group, the top group, and the right group). The devices in the left group may pause first, the devices in the top group may pause second, and the devices in the right group may pause third. The staggered pauses and active transitions can be cycled as desired. The pauses (and/or active transitions) may or may not overlap, depending on the transitions and devices involved, as well as the selected number/duration of the pauses.

In some embodiments, different modes may be used for different types of transitions, with different switching behavior for each mode. In one example, a first mode may be used in the case of a normal optical transition. The optical transition may be from a known starting optical state to a known ending optical state. A second mode may be used in the case where an interrupt command is received to transition the devices to a different ending optical state. In other words, this mode may be used in the case where an ongoing optical transition on a given device is interrupted by a command to transition the device to a different ending optical state. In the first mode, the optically switchable devices may transition according to the method 1000 of FIG. 5K. In the second mode, after an interrupt command is received, the optically switchable devices may transition using a different method, for example one that does not involve pausing any of the transitions. In the second mode, all of the optically switchable devices may transition as quickly as possible to the new ending optical state.

Other methods for ensuring a uniform transition time for a group of optically switchable devices that includes at least one relatively small/quick device and at least one relatively large/slow device may be used in some cases. For instance, the transitions on the faster optically switchable devices can be slowed by using a lower ramp-to-drive rate and/or by using a lower drive voltage. The ramp-to-drive rate and the drive voltage are discussed further in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3 . In many cases, smaller/faster devices are already driven using smaller ramp-to-drive rates and/or smaller drive voltages compared to larger/slower devices, at least partially because the larger/slower devices are capable of withstanding greater applied voltages without damage. Further decreasing the ramp-to-drive rate and/or the drive voltage can slow the transition of the faster optically switchable devices. However, certain problems can arise with these approaches. For instance, these methods may result in slow-to-start transitions on the faster optically switchable devices. By comparison, the transitions on the larger/slower optically switchable devices are visually perceptible earlier. The result is that toward the beginning of the transition, it appears that the large/slow device is starting to transition, while the smaller/faster devices do not appear to be reacting. While the various devices may reach the ending optical state at approximately the same time, the differences in visual appearance between the different devices near the beginning of the transition is undesirable.

Another possible issue with the low ramp-to-drive and low drive voltage methods is that at these conditions it can become difficult to monitor the optical transitions on the smaller/faster devices. This is especially significant in cases where monitoring the transition involves determining an amount of charge or charge density delivered to a device. The difficulty may arise because the current supplied to the devices in these embodiments is fairly low (as a result of the low ramp-to-drive rate and/or low drive voltage), and the error associated with measuring such current may be relatively high (e.g., depending on the controller that is used). Because the error may be large in comparison to the measured value, it becomes difficult or impossible to monitor the transition on the fast optically switchable device. Therefore, there is a limit to how low the ramp-to-drive rate and drive voltage can be, while still maintaining good control over the various optical transitions. The methods described in FIGS. 5K-5M overcome this issue by pausing the transitions on the faster optically switchable devices (FIGS. 5K and 5L) or by breaking up the transition on the faster optically switchable devices into a number of smaller individual transitions separated by pauses (FIG. 5M).

A number of different options are available in terms of what is happening to the faster optically switchable devices while the transitions on such devices are paused (as described in relation to FIGS. 5K and 5L) and/or while such devices are maintaining an intermediate optical state (as described in relation to FIG. 5M). For the sake of brevity, both of these techniques will be referred to as a pause. In one example, open circuit conditions are applied during the pause. In this embodiment, the current passed to the device will fall to zero during the pause. The optical state of the device may remain substantially unchanged during the duration of the pause (except for any center-to-edge differences in tint state for the device, which may be minimized over the course of the pause). In some cases, the optical state of the device may relax back toward the starting optical state during the pause.

In another example, an applied voltage may be provided to the device during the pause. In one embodiment, open circuit conditions are applied to the device and V_(oc) is measured shortly before the pause. The applied voltage during the pause may correspond to the most recently measured V_(oc) on the device. In this embodiment, the current delivered to the device falls substantially during the pause, but does not stop completely. The device will continue to transition at a lower rate during the pause. In another embodiment, the applied voltage during the pause may be pre-determined. Different pauses may have different pre-determined applied voltages. For instance, in one example, a faster optically switchable device transitions over three periods of active transitioning separated by two periods of pausing. During the first pause, the applied voltage may be about −0.5V, and during the second pause, the applied voltage may be about −1.0V. The applied voltages may be determined based on the voltage applied before the transition, the hold voltage applied at the end of the transition, and the number of pauses. For example, if a single pause is used, the applied voltage during the pause may be selected to be about halfway between the voltage applied before the transition and the hold voltage applied at the end of the transition. In another example where two pauses are used, the applied voltage during the first pause may be selected to be about ⅓ of the way between the voltage applied before the transition and the hold voltage applied at the end of the transition, and the applied voltage during the second pause may be selected to be about ⅔ of the way between the voltage applied before the transition and the hold voltage applied at the end of the transition. This example can be generalized to include any number of pauses. Other methods for specifying the applied voltage during each pause can also be used. In embodiments where a pre-determined voltage is applied during a pause, the current delivered to the device may fall substantially during the pause, but may not stop entirely. The device may continue to transition at a lower rate during the pause.

FIGS. 11A and 11B present experimental results related to the method described in FIG. 5K. Each graph illustrates the optical density at the center of certain optically switchable devices vs. time over the course of one or more optical transitions on the optically switchable devices. FIG. 11A relates to an optical transition from a relatively clear state (Tint₁) to a relatively dark state (Tint₄), and FIG. 11B relates to an optical transition from a relatively dark state (Tint₄) to a relatively clear state (Tint₁). FIGS. 11A and 11B each illustrate one optical transition on a 58″ optically switchable device (without pausing) and two different optical transitions on a 14″ optically switchable device, one of which involves pausing and the other of which does not. With reference to FIG. 11A, line 1102 relates to the transition on the 14″ device where no pausing is used, line 1104 relates to the transition on the 14″ device where two pauses are used, and line 1106 relates to the transition on the 58″ device. With reference to FIG. 11B, line 1112 relates to the transition on the 14″ device where no pausing is used, line 1114 relates to the transition on the 14″ device where two pauses are used, and line 1116 relates to the transition on the 58″ device. The pauses are correlated with periods where the optical density on the 14″ device changes much less substantially compared to the non-paused (e.g., active transitioning) periods.

From FIGS. 11A and 11B, it can be seen that if no pauses are used, the 14″ device will reach the ending optical state much quicker than the 58″ device. Visually, this means that the 14″ device tints (or untints) out-of-sync with the 58″ device, and there is a significant mis-match between the optical states on the differently sized devices at any given time. By contrast, when the 14″ device transitions using pauses, the devices' transition times are much more similar. The visual result is that there is substantially less mis-match between the optical states of the differently sized devices at any given time.

FIG. 11C is a graph illustrating optical density vs. time over the course of two optical transitions (Tint₁→Tint₄, and then Tint₄→Tint₁) for a 24″ optically switchable device where either no pausing is used (line 1120), a single pause at open circuit conditions is used (line 1122), or where a single pause at a particular voltage is used (line 1124). This figure illustrates what is happening to the optical state of the devices during different kinds of pauses. Where the transitions are paused at open circuit conditions (line 1122), the optical density quickly evens out and remains substantially the same during the pause. Where the transitions are paused at a particular applied voltage (e.g., the last measured open circuit voltage, or a pre-set voltage), the optical density continues to change, but at a lower rate.

In some embodiments, the rate of change of the open circuit voltage (dV_(oc)/dt) may be monitored in addition to the open circuit voltage itself. An additional step may be provided where the magnitude of dV_(oc)/dt is compared against a maximum value to ensure that the drive voltage is modified in a manner that ensures V_(oc) is not changing too quickly. This additional step may be used in any of the methods herein that utilize V_(oc) measurements.

In certain implementations, the method involves using a static offset to the hold voltage. This offset hold voltage may be used to probe the device and elicit a current response, as described in relation to FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5D. The offset hold voltage may also be used as a target open circuit voltage, as described in relation to FIGS. 5C, and 5E, 5G, and 5J. In certain cases, particularly for windows with a large separation between the bus bars (e.g., at least about 25″), the offset can be beneficial in ensuring that the optical transition proceeds to completion across the entire window.

In many cases, an appropriate offset is between about 0-0.5V (e.g., about 0.1-0.4V, or between about 0.1-0.2V). Typically, the magnitude of an appropriate offset increases with the size of the window. An offset of about 0.2V may be appropriate for a window of about 14 inches, and an offset of about 0.4V may be appropriate for a window of about 60 inches. These values are merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In some embodiments, a window controller is programmed to use a static offset to V_(hold). The magnitude and in some cases direction of the static offset may be based on the device characteristics such as the size of the device and the distance between the bus bars, the driving voltage used for a particular transition, the leakage current of the device, the peak current density, capacitance of the device, etc. In various embodiments, the static offset is determined empirically. In some designs, it is calculated dynamically, when the device is installed or while it is installed and operating, from monitored electrical and/or optical parameters or other feedback.

In other embodiments, a window controller may be programmed to dynamically calculate the offset to V_(hold). In one implementation, the window controller dynamically calculates the offset to V_(hold) based on one or more of the device's current optical state (OD), the current delivered to the device (I), the rate of change of current delivered to the device (dI/dt), the open circuit voltage of the device (V_(oc)), and the rate of change of the open circuit voltage of the device (dV_(oc)/dt). This embodiment is particularly useful because it does not require any additional sensors for controlling the transition. Instead, all of the feedback is generated by pulsing the electronic conditions and measuring the electronic response of the device. The feedback, along with the device characteristics mentioned above, may be used to calculate the optimal offset for the particular transition occurring at that time. In other embodiments, the window controller may dynamically calculate the offset to V_(hold) based on certain additional parameters. These additional parameters may include the temperature of the device, ambient temperature, and signals gathered by photoptic sensors on the window. These additional parameters may be helpful in achieving uniform optical transitions at different conditions. However, use of these additional parameters also increases the cost of manufacture due to the additional sensors required.

The offset may be beneficial in various cases due to the non-uniform quality of the effective voltage, V_(eff), applied across the device. The non-uniform V_(eff) is shown in FIG. 2 , for example, described above. Because of this non-uniformity, the optical transition does not occur in a uniform manner. In particular, areas near the bus bars experience the greatest V_(eff) and transition quickly, while areas removed from the bus bars (e.g., the center of the window) experience the lowest V_(eff) and transition more slowly. The offset can help ensure that the optical transition proceeds to completion at the center of the device where the change is slowest.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show graphs depicting the total charge delivered over time and the applied voltage over time during two different electrochromic tinting transitions. The window in each case measured about 24×24 inches. The total charge delivered is referred to as the Tint Charge Count, and is measured in coulombs (C). The total charge delivered is presented on the left hand y-axis of each graph, and the applied voltage is presented on the right hand y-axis of each graph. In each figure, line 602 corresponds to the total charge delivered and line 604 corresponds to the applied voltage. Further, line 606 in each graph corresponds to a threshold charge (the threshold charge density multiplied by the area of the window), and line 608 corresponds to a target open circuit voltage. The threshold charge and target open circuit voltage are used in the method shown in FIG. 5E to monitor/control the optical transition.

The voltage curves 604 in FIGS. 6A and 6B each start out with a ramp to drive component, where the magnitude of the voltage ramps up to the drive voltage of about −2.5V. After an initial period of applying the drive voltage, the voltage begins to spike upwards at regular intervals. These voltage spikes occur when the electrochromic device is being probed. As described in FIG. 5E, the probing occurs by applying open circuit conditions to the device. The open circuit conditions result in an open circuit voltage, which correspond to the voltage spikes seen in the graphs. Between each probe/open circuit voltage, there is an additional period where the applied voltage is the drive voltage. In other words, the electrochromic device is driving the transition and periodically probing the device to test the open circuit voltage and thereby monitor the transition. The target open circuit voltage, represented by line 608, was selected to be about −1.4V for each case. The hold voltage in each case was about −1.2V. Thus, the target open circuit voltage was offset from the hold voltage by about 0.2V.

In the transition of FIG. 6A, the magnitude of the open circuit voltage exceeds the magnitude of the target open circuit voltage at about 1500 seconds. Because the relevant voltages in this example are negative, this is shown in the graph as the point at which the open circuit voltage spikes first fall below the target open circuit voltage. In the transition of FIG. 6B, the magnitude of the open circuit voltage exceeds the magnitude of the target open circuit voltage sooner than in FIG. 6A, around 1250 seconds.

The total delivered charge count curves 602 in FIGS. 6A and 6B each start at 0 and rise monotonically. In the transition of FIG. 6A, the delivered charge reaches the threshold charge at around 1500 seconds, which was very close to the time at which the target open circuit voltage was met. Once both conditions were met, the voltage switched from the drive voltage to the hold voltage, around 1500 seconds. In the transition of FIG. 6B, the total delivered charge took about 2100 seconds to reach the charge threshold, which is about 14 minutes longer than it took the voltage to reach the target voltage for this transition. After both the target voltage and threshold charge are met, the voltage is switched to the hold voltage. The additional requirement of the total charge delivered results in the FIG. 6B case driving the transition at the drive voltage for a longer time than might otherwise be used. This helps ensure full and uniform transitions across many window designs at various environmental conditions.

In another embodiment, the optical transition is monitored through voltage sensing pads positioned directly on the transparent conductive layers (TCLs). This allows for a direct measurement of the V_(eff) at the center of the device, between the bus bars where V_(eff) is at a minimum. In this case, the controller indicates that the optical transition is complete when the measured V_(eff) at the center of the device reaches a target voltage such as the hold voltage. In various embodiments, the use of sensors may reduce or eliminate the benefit from using a target voltage that is offset from the hold voltage. In other words, the offset may not be needed and the target voltage may equal the hold voltage when the sensors are present. Where voltage sensors are used, there should be at least one sensor on each TCL. The voltage sensors may be placed at a distance mid-way between the bus bars, typically off to a side of the device (near an edge) so that they do not affect (or minimally affect) the viewing area. The voltage sensors may be hidden from view in some cases by placing them proximate a spacer/separator and/or frame that obscures the view of the sensor.

FIG. 6C presents an embodiment of an EC window 690 that utilizes sensors to directly measure the effective voltage at the center of the device. The EC window 690 includes top bus bar 691 and bottom bus bar 692, which are connected by wires 693 to a controller (not shown). Voltage sensor 696 is placed on the top TCL, and voltage sensor 697 is placed on the bottom TCL. The sensors 696 and 697 are placed at a distance mid-way between the bus bars 691 and 692, though they are off to the side of the device. In some cases the voltage sensors may be positioned such that they reside within a frame of the window. This placement helps hide the sensors and promote optimal viewing conditions. The voltage sensors 696 and 697 are connected to the controller through wires 698. The wires 693 and 698 may pass under or through a spacer/separator placed and sealed in between the panes of the window. The window 690 shown in FIG. 6C may utilize any of the methods described herein for controlling an optical transition.

In some implementations, the voltage sensing pads may be conductive tape pads. The pads may be as small as about 1 mm² in some embodiments. In these or other cases, the pads may be about 10 mm² or less. A four wire system may be used in embodiments utilizing such voltage sensing pads.

Electrochromic Devices and Controllers—Examples

Examples of electrochromic device structure and fabrication will now be presented. FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic cross-sections of an electrochromic device, 700, showing a common structural motif for such devices. Electrochromic device 700 includes a substrate 702, a conductive layer (CL) 704, an electrochromic layer (EC) 706, an optional ion conducting (electronically resistive) layer (IC) 708, a counter electrode layer (CE) 710, and another conductive layer (CL) 712. Elements 704, 706, 708, 710, and 712 are collectively referred to as an electrochromic stack, 714. In numerous embodiments, the stack does not contain ion conducting layer 708, or at least not as a discrete or separately fabricated layer. A voltage source, 716, operable to apply an electric potential across electrochromic stack 712 effects the transition of the electrochromic device from, e.g., a clear state (refer to FIG. 7A) to a tinted state (refer to FIG. 7B).

The order of layers may be reversed with respect to the substrate. That is, the layers may be in the following order: substrate, conductive layer, counter electrode layer, ion conducting layer, electrochromic material layer, and conductive layer. The counter electrode layer may include a material that is electrochromic or not. If both the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer employ electrochromic materials, one of them should be a cathodically coloring material and the other should be an anodically coloring material. For example, the electrochromic layer may employ a cathodically coloring material and the counter electrode layer may employ an anodically coloring material. This is the case when the electrochromic layer is a tungsten oxide and the counter electrode layer is a nickel tungsten oxide.

The conductive layers commonly comprise transparent conductive materials, such as metal oxides, alloy oxides, and doped versions thereof, and are commonly referred to as “TCO” layers because they are made from transparent conducting oxides. In general, however, the transparent layers can be made of any transparent, electronically conductive material that is compatible with the device stack. Some glass substrates are provided with a thin transparent conductive oxide layer such as fluorinated tin oxide, sometimes referred to as “FTO.”

Device 700 is meant for illustrative purposes, in order to understand the context of embodiments described herein. Methods and apparatus described herein are used to identify and reduce defects in electrochromic devices, regardless of the structural arrangement of the electrochromic device.

During normal operation, an electrochromic device such as device 700 reversibly cycles between a clear state and a tinted state. As depicted in FIG. 7A, in the clear state, a potential is applied across the electrodes (transparent conductor layers 704 and 712) of electrochromic stack 714 to cause available ions (e.g. lithium ions) in the stack to reside primarily in the counter electrode 710. If electrochromic layer 706 contains a cathodically coloring material, the device is in a clear state. In certain electrochromic devices, when loaded with the available ions, counter electrode layer 710 can be thought of as an ion storage layer.

Referring to FIG. 7B, when the potential on the electrochromic stack is reversed, the ions are transported across ion conducting layer 708 to electrochromic layer 706 and cause the material to enter the tinted state. Again, this assumes that the optically reversible material in the electrochromic device is a cathodically coloring electrochromic material. In certain embodiments, the depletion of ions from the counter electrode material causes it to color also as depicted. In other words, the counter electrode material is anodically coloring electrochromic material. Thus, layers 706 and 710 combine to reduce the amount of light transmitted through the stack. When a reverse voltage is applied to device 700, ions travel from electrochromic layer 706, through the ion conducting layer 708, and back into counter electrode layer 710. As a result, the device clears.

Some pertinent examples of electrochromic devices are presented in the following US patent applications, each incorporated by reference in its entirety: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/645,111, filed Dec. 22, 2009; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/772,055, filed Apr. 30, 2010; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/645,159, filed Dec. 22, 2009; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/814,279, filed Jun. 11, 2010; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/462,725, filed May 2, 2012 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/763,505, filed Feb. 8, 2013.

Electrochromic devices such as those described in relation to FIGS. 7A and 7B are used in, for example, electrochromic windows. For example, substrate 702 may be architectural glass upon which electrochromic devices are fabricated. Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material. Architectural glass is typically used in commercial buildings, but may also be used in residential buildings, and typically, though not necessarily, separates an indoor environment from an outdoor environment. In certain embodiments, architectural glass is at least 20 inches by 20 inches, and can be much larger, e.g., as large as about 72 inches by 120 inches.

In some embodiments, electrochromic glass is integrated into an insulating glass unit (IGU). An insulating glass unit includes multiple glass panes assembled into a unit, generally with the intention of maximizing the thermal insulating properties of a gas contained in the space formed by the unit while at the same time providing clear vision through the unit. Insulating glass units incorporating electrochromic glass are similar to insulating glass units currently known in the art, except for electrical terminals for connecting the electrochromic glass to voltage source.

The optical transition driving logic can be implemented in many different controller configurations and coupled with other control logic. Various examples of suitable controller design and operation are provided in the following patent applications, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/049,623, filed Mar. 16, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/049,756, filed Mar. 16, 2011; U.S. Pat. No. 8,213,074, filed Mar. 16, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/449,235, filed Apr. 17, 2012; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/449,248, filed Apr. 17, 2012; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/449,251, filed Apr. 17, 2012; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/326,168, filed Dec. 14, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/682,618, filed Nov. 20, 2012; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/772,969, filed Feb. 21, 2013. The following description and associated figures, FIGS. 8 and 9 , present certain non-limiting controller design options suitable for implementing the drive profiles described herein.

FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional axonometric view of an embodiment of an IGU 102 that includes two window panes or lites 216 and a controller 250. In various embodiments, IGU 102 can include one, two, or more substantially transparent (e.g., at no applied voltage) lites 216 as well as a frame, 218, that supports the lites 216. For example, the IGU 102 shown in FIG. 9 is configured as a double-pane window. One or more of the lites 216 can itself be a laminate structure of two, three, or more layers or lites (e.g., shatter-resistant glass similar to automotive windshield glass). In IGU 102, at least one of the lites 216 includes an electrochromic device or stack, 220, disposed on at least one of its inner surface, 222, or outer surface, 224: for example, the inner surface 222 of the outer lite 216.

In multi-pane configurations, each adjacent set of lites 216 can have an interior volume, 226, disposed between them. Generally, each of the lites 216 and the IGU 102 as a whole are rectangular and form a rectangular solid. However, in other embodiments other shapes (e.g., circular, elliptical, triangular, curvilinear, convex, concave) may be desired. In some embodiments, the volume 226 between the lites 116 is evacuated of air. In some embodiments, the IGU 102 is hermetically-sealed. Additionally, the volume 226 can be filled (to an appropriate pressure) with one or more gases, such as argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), or xenon (Xn), for example. Filling the volume 226 with a gas such as Ar, Kr, or Xn can reduce conductive heat transfer through the IGU 102 because of the low thermal conductivity of these gases. The latter two gases also can impart improved acoustic insulation due to their increased weight.

In some embodiments, frame 218 is constructed of one or more pieces. For example, frame 218 can be constructed of one or more materials such as vinyl, PVC, aluminum (Al), steel, or fiberglass. The frame 218 may also include or hold one or more foam or other material pieces that work in conjunction with frame 218 to separate the lites 216 and to hermetically seal the volume 226 between the lites 216. For example, in a typical IGU implementation, a spacer lies between adjacent lites 216 and forms a hermetic seal with the panes in conjunction with an adhesive sealant that can be deposited between them. This is termed the primary seal, around which can be fabricated a secondary seal, typically of an additional adhesive sealant. In some such embodiments, frame 218 can be a separate structure that supports the IGU construct.

Each lite 216 includes a substantially transparent or translucent substrate, 228. Generally, substrate 228 has a first (e.g., inner) surface 222 and a second (e.g., outer) surface 224 opposite the first surface 222. In some embodiments, substrate 228 can be a glass substrate. For example, substrate 228 can be a conventional silicon oxide (SO_(x))-based glass substrate such as soda-lime glass or float glass, composed of, for example, approximately 75% silica (SiO₂) plus Na₂O, CaO, and several minor additives. However, any material having suitable optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties may be used as substrate 228. Such substrates also can include, for example, other glass materials, plastics and thermoplastics (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polycarbonate, allyl diglycol carbonate, SAN (styrene acrylonitrile copolymer), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), polyester, polyamide), or mirror materials. If the substrate is formed from, for example, glass, then substrate 228 can be strengthened, e.g., by tempering, heating, or chemically strengthening. In other implementations, the substrate 228 is not further strengthened, e.g., the substrate is untempered.

In some embodiments, substrate 228 is a glass pane sized for residential or commercial window applications. The size of such a glass pane can vary widely depending on the specific needs of the residence or commercial enterprise. In some embodiments, substrate 228 can be formed of architectural glass. Architectural glass is typically used in commercial buildings, but also can be used in residential buildings, and typically, though not necessarily, separates an indoor environment from an outdoor environment. In certain embodiments, a suitable architectural glass substrate can be at least approximately 20 inches by approximately 20 inches, and can be much larger, for example, approximately 80 inches by approximately 120 inches, or larger. Architectural glass is typically at least about 2 millimeters (mm) thick and may be as thick as 6 mm or more. Of course, electrochromic devices 220 can be scalable to substrates 228 smaller or larger than architectural glass, including in any or all of the respective length, width, or thickness dimensions. In some embodiments, substrate 228 has a thickness in the range of approximately 1 mm to approximately 10 mm. In some embodiments, substrate 228 may be very thin and flexible, such as Gorilla Glass® or Willow™ Glass, each commercially available from Corning, Inc. of Corning, N.Y., these glasses may be less than 1 mm thick, as thin as 0.3 mm thick.

Electrochromic device 220 is disposed over, for example, the inner surface 222 of substrate 228 of the outer pane 216 (the pane adjacent the outside environment). In some other embodiments, such as in cooler climates or applications in which the IGUs 102 receive greater amounts of direct sunlight (e.g., perpendicular to the surface of electrochromic device 220), it may be advantageous for electrochromic device 220 to be disposed over, for example, the inner surface (the surface bordering the volume 226) of the inner pane adjacent the interior environment. In some embodiments, electrochromic device 220 includes a first conductive layer (CL) 230 (often transparent), an electrochromic layer (EC) 232, an ion conducting layer (IC) 234, a counter electrode layer (CE) 236, and a second conductive layer (CL) 238 (often transparent). Again, layers 230, 232, 234, 236, and 238 are also collectively referred to as electrochromic stack 220.

A power source 240 operable to apply an electric potential (V_(app)) to the device and produce V_(eff) across a thickness of electrochromic stack 220 and drive the transition of the electrochromic device 220 from, for example, a clear or lighter state (e.g., a transparent, semitransparent, or translucent state) to a tinted or darker state (e.g., a tinted, less transparent or less translucent state). In some other embodiments, the order of layers 230, 232, 234, 236, and 238 can be reversed or otherwise reordered or rearranged with respect to substrate 238.

In some embodiments, one or both of first conductive layer 230 and second conductive layer 238 is formed from an inorganic and solid material. For example, first conductive layer 230, as well as second conductive layer 238, can be made from a number of different materials, including conductive oxides, thin metallic coatings, conductive metal nitrides, and composite conductors, among other suitable materials. In some embodiments, conductive layers 230 and 238 are substantially transparent at least in the range of wavelengths where electrochromism is exhibited by the electrochromic layer 232. Transparent conductive oxides include metal oxides and metal oxides doped with one or more metals. For example, metal oxides and doped metal oxides suitable for use as first or second conductive layers 230 and 238 can include indium oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), doped indium oxide, tin oxide, doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, doped zinc oxide, ruthenium oxide, doped ruthenium oxide, among others. As indicated above, first and second conductive layers 230 and 238 are sometimes referred to as “transparent conductive oxide” (TCO) layers.

In some embodiments, commercially available substrates, such as glass substrates, already contain a transparent conductive layer coating when purchased. In some embodiments, such a product can be used for both substrate 238 and conductive layer 230 collectively. Examples of such glass substrates include conductive layer-coated glasses sold under the trademark TEC Glass™ by Pilkington, of Toledo, Ohio and SUNGATE™ 300 and SUNGATE™ 500 by PPG Industries of Pittsburgh, Pa. Specifically, TEC Glass™ is, for example, a glass coated with a fluorinated tin oxide conductive layer.

In some embodiments, first or second conductive layers 230 and 238 can each be deposited by physical vapor deposition processes including, for example, sputtering. In some embodiments, first and second conductive layers 230 and 238 can each have a thickness in the range of approximately 0.01 μm to approximately 1 μm. In some embodiments, it may be generally desirable for the thicknesses of the first and second conductive layers 230 and 238 as well as the thicknesses of any or all of the other layers described below to be individually uniform with respect to the given layer; that is, that the thickness of a given layer is uniform and the surfaces of the layer are smooth and substantially free of defects or other ion traps.

A primary function of the first and second conductive layers 230 and 238 is to spread an electric potential provided by a power source 240, such as a voltage or current source, over surfaces of the electrochromic stack 220 from outer surface regions of the stack to inner surface regions of the stack. As mentioned, the voltage applied to the electrochromic device experiences some Ohmic potential drop from the outer regions to the inner regions as a result of a sheet resistance of the first and second conductive layers 230 and 238. In the depicted embodiment, bus bars 242 and 244 are provided with bus bar 242 in contact with conductive layer 230 and bus bar 244 in contact with conductive layer 238 to provide electric connection between the voltage or current source 240 and the conductive layers 230 and 238. For example, bus bar 242 can be electrically coupled with a first (e.g., positive) terminal 246 of power source 240 while bus bar 244 can be electrically coupled with a second (e.g., negative) terminal 248 of power source 240.

In some embodiments, IGU 102 includes a plug-in component 250. In some embodiments, plug-in component 250 includes a first electrical input 252 (e.g., a pin, socket, or other electrical connector or conductor) that is electrically coupled with power source terminal 246 via, for example, one or more wires or other electrical connections, components, or devices. Similarly, plug-in component 250 can include a second electrical input 254 that is electrically coupled with power source terminal 248 via, for example, one or more wires or other electrical connections, components, or devices. In some embodiments, first electrical input 252 can be electrically coupled with bus bar 242, and from there with first conductive layer 230, while second electrical input 254 can be coupled with bus bar 244, and from there with second conductive layer 238. The conductive layers 230 and 238 also can be connected to power source 240 with other conventional means as well as according to other means described below with respect to a window controller. For example, as described below with reference to FIG. 9 , first electrical input 252 can be connected to a first power line while second electrical input 254 can be connected to a second power line. Additionally, in some embodiments, third electrical input 256 can be coupled to a device, system, or building ground. Furthermore, in some embodiments, fourth and fifth electrical inputs/outputs 258 and 260, respectively, can be used for communication between, for example, a window controller or microcontroller and a network controller.

In some embodiments, electrical input 252 and electrical input 254 receive, carry, or transmit complementary power signals. In some embodiments, electrical input 252 and its complement electrical input 254 can be directly connected to the bus bars 242 and 244, respectively, and on the other side, to an external power source that provides a variable DC voltage (e.g., sign and magnitude). The external power source can be a window controller (see element 114 of FIG. 9 ) itself, or power from a building transmitted to a window controller or otherwise coupled to electrical inputs 252 and 254. In such an embodiment, the electrical signals transmitted through electrical inputs/outputs 258 and 260 can be directly connected to a memory device to allow communication between the window controller and the memory device. Furthermore, in such an embodiment, the electrical signal input to electrical input 256 can be internally connected or coupled (within IGU 102) to either electrical input 252 or 254 or to the bus bars 242 or 244 in such a way as to enable the electrical potential of one or more of those elements to be remotely measured (sensed). This can allow the window controller to compensate for a voltage drop on the connecting wires from the window controller to the electrochromic device 220.

In some embodiments, the window controller can be immediately attached (e.g., external to the IGU 102 but inseparable by the user) or integrated within the IGU 102. For naming Brown et al. as inventors, titled ONBOARD CONTROLLER FOR MULTISTATE WINDOWS and filed 16 March 2011, incorporated by reference herein, describes in detail various embodiments of an “onboard” controller. In such an embodiment, electrical input 252 can be connected to the positive output of an external DC power source. Similarly, electrical input 254 can be connected to the negative output of the DC power source. As described below, however, electrical inputs 252 and 254 can, alternately, be connected to the outputs of an external low voltage AC power source (e.g., a typical 24 V AC transformer common to the HVAC industry). In such an embodiment, electrical inputs/outputs 258 and 260 can be connected to the communication bus between the window controller and a network controller. In this embodiment, electrical input/output 256 can be eventually (e.g., at the power source) connected with the earth ground (e.g., Protective Earth, or PE in Europe) terminal of the system.

Although the applied voltages may be provided as DC voltages, in some embodiments, the voltages actually supplied by the external power source are AC voltage signals. In some other embodiments, the supplied voltage signals are converted to pulse-width modulated voltage signals. However, the voltages actually “seen” or applied to the bus bars 242 and 244 are effectively DC voltages. Typically, the voltage oscillations applied at terminals 246 and 248 are in the range of approximately 1 Hz to 1 MHz, and in particular embodiments, approximately 100 kHz. In various embodiments, the oscillations have asymmetric residence times for the darkening (e.g., tinting) and lightening (e.g., clearing) portions of a period. For example, in some embodiments, transitioning from a first less transparent state to a second more transparent state requires more time than the reverse; that is, transitioning from the more transparent second state to the less transparent first state. As will be described below, a controller can be designed or configured to apply a driving voltage meeting these requirements.

The oscillatory applied voltage control allows the electrochromic device 220 to operate in, and transition to and from, one or more states without any necessary modification to the electrochromic device stack 220 or to the transitioning time. Rather, the window controller can be configured or designed to provide an oscillating drive voltage of appropriate wave profile, taking into account such factors as frequency, duty cycle, mean voltage, amplitude, among other possible suitable or appropriate factors. Additionally, such a level of control permits the transitioning to any state over the full range of optical states between the two end states. For example, an appropriately configured controller can provide a continuous range of transmissivity (% T) which can be tuned to any value between end states (e.g., opaque and clear end states).

To drive the device to an intermediate state using the oscillatory driving voltage, a controller could simply apply the appropriate intermediate voltage. However, there can be more efficient ways to reach the intermediate optical state. This is partly because high driving voltages can be applied to reach the end states but are traditionally not applied to reach an intermediate state. One technique for increasing the rate at which the electrochromic device 220 reaches a desired intermediate state is to first apply a high voltage pulse suitable for full transition (to an end state) and then back off to the voltage of the oscillating intermediate state (just described). Stated another way, an initial low frequency single pulse (low in comparison to the frequency employed to maintain the intermediate state) of magnitude and duration chosen for the intended final state can be employed to speed the transition. After this initial pulse, a higher frequency voltage oscillation can be employed to sustain the intermediate state for as long as desired.

In some embodiments, each IGU 102 includes a component 250 that is “pluggable” or readily-removable from IGU 102 (e.g., for ease of maintenance, manufacture, or replacement). In some particular embodiments, each plug-in component 250 itself includes a window controller. That is, in some such embodiments, each electrochromic device 220 is controlled by its own respective local window controller located within plug-in component 250. In some other embodiments, the window controller is integrated with another portion of frame 218, between the glass panes in the secondary seal area, or within volume 226. In some other embodiments, the window controller can be located external to IGU 102. In various embodiments, each window controller can communicate with the IGUs 102 it controls and drives, as well as communicate to other window controllers, the network controller, BMS, or other servers, systems, or devices (e.g., sensors), via one or more wired (e.g., Ethernet) networks or wireless (e.g., WiFi) networks, for example, via wired (e.g., Ethernet) interface 263 or wireless (WiFi) interface 265. See FIG. 9 . Embodiments having Ethernet or Wifi capabilities are also well-suited for use in residential homes and other smaller-scale non-commercial applications. Additionally, the communication can be direct or indirect, e.g., via an intermediate node between a master controller such as network controller 112 and the IGU 102.

FIG. 9 depicts a window controller 114, which may be deployed as, for example, component 250. In some embodiments, window controller 114 communicates with a network controller over a communication bus 262. For example, communication bus 262 can be designed according to the Controller Area Network (CAN) vehicle bus standard. In such embodiments, first electrical input 252 can be connected to a first power line 264 while second electrical input 254 can be connected to a second power line 266. In some embodiments, as described above, the power signals sent over power lines 264 and 266 are complementary; that is, collectively they represent a differential signal (e.g., a differential voltage signal). In some embodiments, line 268 is coupled to a system or building ground (e.g., an Earth Ground). In such embodiments, communication over CAN bus 262 (e.g., between microcontroller 274 and network controller 112) may proceed along first and second communication lines 270 and 272 transmitted through electrical inputs/outputs 258 and 260, respectively, according to the CANopen communication protocol or other suitable open, proprietary, or overlying communication protocol. In some embodiments, the communication signals sent over communication lines 270 and 272 are complementary; that is, collectively they represent a differential signal (e.g., a differential voltage signal).

In some embodiments, component 250 couples CAN communication bus 262 into window controller 114, and in particular embodiments, into microcontroller 274. In some such embodiments, microcontroller 274 is also configured to implement the CANopen communication protocol. Microcontroller 274 is also designed or configured (e.g., programmed) to implement one or more drive control algorithms in conjunction with pulse-width modulated amplifier or pulse-width modulator (PWM) 276, smart logic 278, and signal conditioner 280. In some embodiments, microcontroller 274 is configured to generate a command signal V_(COMMAND), e.g., in the form of a voltage signal, that is then transmitted to PWM 276. PWM 276, in turn, generates a pulse-width modulated power signal, including first (e.g., positive) component V_(PW1) and second (e.g., negative) component V_(PW2), based on V_(COMMAND). Power signals V_(PW1) and V_(PW2) are then transmitted over, for example, interface 288, to IGU 102, or more particularly, to bus bars 242 and 244 in order to cause the desired optical transitions in electrochromic device 220. In some embodiments, PWM 276 is configured to modify the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulated signals such that the durations of the pulses in signals V_(PW1) and V_(PW2) are not equal: for example, PWM 276 pulses V_(PW1) with a first 60% duty cycle and pulses V_(PW2) for a second 40% duty cycle. The duration of the first duty cycle and the duration of the second duty cycle collectively represent the duration, t_(PWM) of each power cycle. In some embodiments, PWM 276 can additionally or alternatively modify the magnitudes of the signal pulses V_(PW1) and V_(PW2).

In some embodiments, microcontroller 274 is configured to generate V_(COMMAND) based on one or more factors or signals such as, for example, any of the signals received over CAN bus 262 as well as voltage or current feedback signals, V_(FB) and I_(FB) respectively, generated by PWM 276. In some embodiments, microcontroller 274 determines current or voltage levels in the electrochromic device 220 based on feedback signals I_(FB) or V_(FB), respectively, and adjusts V_(COMMAND) according to one or more rules or algorithms to effect a change in the relative pulse durations (e.g., the relative durations of the first and second duty cycles) or amplitudes of power signals V_(PW1) and V_(PW2) to produce voltage profiles as described above. Additionally or alternatively, microcontroller 274 can also adjust V_(COMMAND) in response to signals received from smart logic 278 or signal conditioner 280. For example, a conditioning signal V_(CON) can be generated by signal conditioner 280 in response to feedback from one or more networked or non-networked devices or sensors, such as, for example, an exterior photosensor or photodetector 282, an interior photosensor or photodetector 284, a thermal or temperature sensor 286, or a tint command signal V_(TC). For example, additional embodiments of signal conditioner 280 and V_(CON) are also described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/449,235, filed 17 Apr. 2012, and previously incorporated by reference.

In certain embodiments, V_(TC) can be an analog voltage signal between 0 V and 10 V that can be used or adjusted by users (such as residents or workers) to dynamically adjust the tint of an IGU 102 (for example, a user can use a control in a room or zone of building 104 similarly to a thermostat to finely adjust or modify a tint of the IGUs 102 in the room or zone) thereby introducing a dynamic user input into the logic within microcontroller 274 that determines V_(COMMAND). For example, when set in the 0 to 2.5 V range, V_(TC) can be used to cause a transition to a 5% T state, while when set in the 2.51 to 5 V range, V_(TC) can be used to cause a transition to a 20% T state, and similarly for other ranges such as 5.1 to 7.5 V and 7.51 to 10 V, among other range and voltage examples. In some embodiments, signal conditioner 280 receives the aforementioned signals or other signals over a communication bus or interface 290. In some embodiments, PWM 276 also generates V_(COMMAND) based on a signal V_(SMART) received from smart logic 278. In some embodiments, smart logic 278 transmits V_(SMART) over a communication bus such as, for example, an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) multi-master serial single-ended computer bus. In some other embodiments, smart logic 278 communicates with memory device 292 over a 1-WIRE device communications bus system protocol (by Dallas Semiconductor Corp., of Dallas, Tex.).

In some embodiments, microcontroller 274 includes a processor, chip, card, or board, or a combination of these, which includes logic for performing one or more control functions. Power and communication functions of microcontroller 274 may be combined in a single chip, for example, a programmable logic device (PLD) chip or field programmable gate array (FPGA), or similar logic. Such integrated circuits can combine logic, control and power functions in a single programmable chip. In one embodiment, where one pane 216 has two electrochromic devices 220 (e.g., on opposite surfaces) or where IGU 102 includes two or more panes 216 that each include an electrochromic device 220, the logic can be configured to control each of the two electrochromic devices 220 independently from the other. However, in one embodiment, the function of each of the two electrochromic devices 220 is controlled in a synergistic fashion, for example, such that each device is controlled in order to complement the other. For example, the desired level of light transmission, thermal insulative effect, or other property can be controlled via a combination of states for each of the individual electrochromic devices 220. For example, one electrochromic device may be placed in a tinted state while the other is used for resistive heating, for example, via a transparent electrode of the device. In another example, the optical states of the two electrochromic devices are controlled so that the combined transmissivity is a desired outcome.

In general, the logic used to control electrochromic device transitions can be designed or configured in hardware and/or software. In other words, the instructions for controlling the drive circuitry may be hard coded or provided as software. In may be said that the instructions are provided by “programming”. Such programming is understood to include logic of any form including hard coded logic in digital signal processors and other devices which have specific algorithms implemented as hardware. Programming is also understood to include software or firmware instructions that may be executed on a general purpose processor. In some embodiments, instructions for controlling application of voltage to the bus bars are stored on a memory device associated with the controller or are provided over a network. Examples of suitable memory devices include semiconductor memory, magnetic memory, optical memory, and the like. The computer program code for controlling the applied voltage can be written in any conventional computer readable programming language such as assembly language, C, C++, Pascal, Fortran, and the like. Compiled object code or script is executed by the processor to perform the tasks identified in the program.

As described above, in some embodiments, microcontroller 274, or window controller 114 generally, also can have wireless capabilities, such as wireless control and powering capabilities. For example, wireless control signals, such as radio-frequency (RF) signals or infra-red (IR) signals can be used, as well as wireless communication protocols such as WiFi (mentioned above), Bluetooth, Zigbee, EnOcean, among others, to send instructions to the microcontroller 274 and for microcontroller 274 to send data out to, for example, other window controllers, a network controller 112, or directly to a BMS 110. In various embodiments, wireless communication can be used for at least one of programming or operating the electrochromic device 220, collecting data or receiving input from the electrochromic device 220 or the IGU 102 generally, collecting data or receiving input from sensors, as well as using the window controller 114 as a relay point for other wireless communications. Data collected from IGU 102 also can include count data, such as a number of times an electrochromic device 220 has been activated (cycled), an efficiency of the electrochromic device 220 over time, among other useful data or performance metrics.

The window controller 114 also can have wireless power capability. For example, window controller can have one or more wireless power receivers that receive transmissions from one or more wireless power transmitters as well as one or more wireless power transmitters that transmit power transmissions enabling window controller 114 to receive power wirelessly and to distribute power wirelessly to electrochromic device 220. Wireless power transmission includes, for example, induction, resonance induction, RF power transfer, microwave power transfer, and laser power transfer. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/971,576 [SLDMP003] naming Rozbicki as inventor, titled WIRELESS POWERED ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS and filed 17 Dec. 2010, incorporated by reference herein, describes in detail various embodiments of wireless power capabilities.

In order to achieve a desired optical transition, the pulse-width modulated power signal is generated such that the positive component V_(PW1) is supplied to, for example, bus bar 244 during the first portion of the power cycle, while the negative component V_(PW2) is supplied to, for example, bus bar 242 during the second portion of the power cycle.

In some cases, depending on the frequency (or inversely the duration) of the pulse-width modulated signals, this can result in bus bar 244 floating at substantially the fraction of the magnitude of V_(PW1) that is given by the ratio of the duration of the first duty cycle to the total duration t_(PWM) of the power cycle. Similarly, this can result in bus bar 242 floating at substantially the fraction of the magnitude of V_(PW2) that is given by the ratio of the duration of the second duty cycle to the total duration t_(PWM) of the power cycle. In this way, in some embodiments, the difference between the magnitudes of the pulse-width modulated signal components V_(PW1) and V_(PW2) is twice the effective DC voltage across terminals 246 and 248, and consequently, across electrochromic device 220. Said another way, in some embodiments, the difference between the fraction (determined by the relative duration of the first duty cycle) of V_(PW1) applied to bus bar 244 and the fraction (determined by the relative duration of the second duty cycle) of V_(PW2) applied to bus bar 242 is the effective DC voltage V_(EFF) applied to electrochromic device 220. The current IEFF through the load—electromagnetic device 220—is roughly equal to the effective voltage VEFF divided by the effective resistance (represented by resistor 316) or impedance of the load.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will also understand that this description is applicable to various types of drive mechanism including fixed voltage (fixed DC), fixed polarity (time varying DC) or a reversing polarity (AC, MF, RF power etc. with a DC bias).

The controller may be configured to monitor voltage and/or current from the optically switchable device. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to calculate current by measuring voltage across a known resistor in the driving circuit. Other modes of measuring or calculating current may be employed. These modes may be digital or analog.

Other Embodiments

Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail to facilitate understanding, the described embodiments are to be considered illustrative and not limiting. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that certain changes and modifications can be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. For example, while the drive profiles have been described with reference to electrochromic devices having planar bus bars, they apply to any bus bar orientation in which bus bars of opposite polarity are separated by distances great enough to cause a significant ohmic voltage drop in a transparent conductor layer from one bus bar to another. Further, while the drive profiles have been described with reference to electrochromic devices, they can be applied to other devices in which bus bars of opposite polarity are disposed at opposite sides of the devices. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for operating an optically switchable device, the apparatus comprising a processor that executes instructions to: operate the optically switchable device at a first operating parameter for a first time period; generate a characterization parameter based at least in part on voltage and/or current measurements that are obtained during the first time period; and control the optically switchable device for a second time period based at least in part on the characterization parameter.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein generating the characterization parameter comprises measuring an open circuit voltage of the optically switchable device.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein generating the characterization parameter further comprises plotting the open circuit voltage.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein generating the characterization parameter comprises consideration of a leakage current of the optically switchable device.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a threshold charge or threshold charge density for controlling the optically switchable device during the second time period is based at least in part on the leakage current.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to measure a voltage and/or current on the optically switchable device during the first time period.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to store the characterization parameter after generating the characterization parameter.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first operating parameter corresponds to a first optical state.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first optical state is an intermediate optical state.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the apparatus is further configured to determine a temperature of the optically switchable device, and wherein a voltage applied to the optically switchable device to change the optically switchable device from the first optical state to a second optical state is based at least in part on the temperature of the optically switchable device.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus if further configured to determine an optical state of the optically switchable device.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is configured to determine the optical state of the optically switchable device at least in part by integrating current over time.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to update the characterization parameter based at least in part on voltage and/or current measurements obtained during the second time period, and to control the optically switchable device for a third time period based at least in part on the updated characterization parameter.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to modify the characterization parameter based at least in part on an ambient temperature surrounding the optically switchable device.
 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first operating parameter corresponds to an intermediate optical state wherein the ionic current has stopped, or nearly stopped, decaying.
 16. A method of operating an optically switchable device, the method comprising: operating the optically switchable device at a first operating parameter for a first time period; generating a characterization parameter based at least in part on voltage and/or current measurements that are obtained during the first time period; and controlling the optically switchable device for a second time period based at least in part on the characterization parameter.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein generating the characterization parameter comprises measuring an open circuit voltage of the optically switchable device.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein generating the characterization parameter further comprises plotting the open circuit voltage.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein generating the characterization parameter comprises consideration of a leakage current of the optically switchable device.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein a threshold charge or threshold charge density for controlling the optically switchable device during the second time period is based at least in part on the leakage current.
 21. The method of claim 16, further comprising measuring a voltage and/or current on the optically switchable device during the first time period.
 22. The method of claim 16, further comprising storing the characterization parameter after generating the characterization parameter.
 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the first operating parameter corresponds to a first optical state.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the first optical state is an intermediate optical state.
 25. The method of claim 23, further comprising determining a temperature of the optically switchable device, wherein a voltage applied to the optically switchable device to change the optically switchable device from the first optical state to a second optical state is based at least in part on the temperature of the optically switchable device.
 26. The method of claim 16, further comprising determining an optical state of the optically switchable device.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein determining the optical state of the optically switchable device comprises integrating current over time.
 28. The method of claim 16, further comprising updating the characterization parameter based at least in part on voltage and/or current measurements obtained during the second time period, and controlling the optically switchable device for a third time period based at least in part on the updated characterization parameter.
 29. The method of claim 16, further comprising modifying the characterization parameter based at least in part on an ambient temperature surrounding the optically switchable device.
 30. The method of claim 16, wherein the first operating parameter corresponds to an intermediate optical state wherein the ionic current has stopped, or nearly stopped, decaying. 